Across
- 3. threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes
- 6. process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria; requires cells to be competent
- 7. regulation the ability to turn genes on and off
- 11. genes the genes that operon controls
- 12. group of genes operating together
- 13. Model that uses DNA comparisons to estimate the length of time that two species have been evolving independently
- 14. the process where genetic information coded in mRNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome
- 16. Mutation in which a single base is replaced, potentially altering the gene product.
- 17. DNA --> mRNA--> protein --> trait
- 21. A small ring of DNA that carries accessory genes separate from those of the bacterial chromosome
- 22. multiple linear chromosomes found in Nucleus
- 27. consists of a phosphate group, sugar, and nitrogen base; building block of RNA/DNA
- 28. The process of making identical copies of DNA before cell division.
- 31. mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide
- 32. DNA is transferred from a donor cell to a recipient via a bacteriophage
- 33. A base-pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid.
- 34. A change in a gene or chromosome.
- 35. Enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule. Also functions to proofread base pairing.
- 36. binds to operator to block RNA polymerase
Down
- 1. Enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands during transcription
- 2. A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein.
- 4. (jumping genes) short strands of DNA capable of moving from one location to another within a cell's genetic material
- 5. may be composed of DNA or RNA and may be single- or double-stranded
- 8. makes a repressor protein
- 9. A virus that infects bacteria
- 10. where RNA polymerase attaches in an operon
- 15. A cell that is capable of undergoing transformation
- 18. single circular chromosome and sometimes, a plasmid
- 19. A mutation that changes a single nucleotide, but does not change the amino acid created.
- 20. In bacteria, the direct transfer of plasmid DNA between two cells that are temporarily joined.
- 23. A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait
- 24. gene that binds with repressor to block RNA polymerase
- 25. the process where the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA
- 26. A bacterial asexually reproduces into two clonal daughter cells
- 29. organelles at which proteins are synthesized.
- 30. A Lab technique that uses DNA polymerase to make many copies of DNA