Across
- 2. Scientific technique required to differentiate spirochetes.
- 3. Another name for neutrophils.
- 5. The most commonly used source of energy and carbon for humans and bacteria.
- 7. Space that is present in gram negative cells but not in gram positive cells.
- 8. Bacteria that causes syphilis.
- 12. Groups that beta-hemolytic streptococcus are organized into.
- 13. Cells derived from bone marrow that mature in the thymus and recognize infected cells and destroy and eliminate them from the body.
- 15. Refers to the growth of bacterial cell populations, not an individual bacterium.
- 18. This line of defense includes the inflammatory response and phagocytosis.
- 20. The pathogenic bacterial species that is the causative agent of most cases of tuberculosis.
- 23. A rod-shaped structure that also is called "rods".
- 25. Fill in the Blank: Gram ________ bacteria stain blue or purple.
- 27. A breach of the body's physical barriers stimulates what part of the immune system?
- 28. Technique used to differentiate mycobacterium tuberculosis.
- 31. Describe the cell wall of gram negative bacteria.
- 32. Number of bacterial growth phases.
- 33. Describe the cell wall of gram positive bacteria.
- 35. Fill in the Blank: Acute inflammation is a _________ response characterized by edema, redness, and pain.
- 36. Streptococcus that completely lyse red blood cells.
- 38. Also known as the exponential phase of the bacterial growth phase.
- 39. Fill in the Blank: The location of mast cells allows them to regulate vascular __________.
- 40. Group A streptococcus is primarily spread in what manner?
- 41. Mast cells are found near what?
- 42. Characteristic of a pathogenic antigen in that they must be nonself.
- 43. Hormone-like messengers that allow for cell-to-cell communication.
- 44. These are grouped based on their cell wall characteristics and metabolic differences.
- 50. The main function of this body system is to prevent or limit infections by pathogens.
- 51. Type two hypersensitivity reaction.
- 53. Occurs when macrophages detect and attack microbes and release certain chemicals into the bloodstream that cause the brain to reset the thermostat to a higher temperature.
- 55. Gram staining separates bacteria into two groups based on the structure of what?
- 56. The most useful microbiological staining technique.
- 57. Phase of bacterial growth that is slow at first as bacteria acclimate to their environment.
- 60. Encompasses the study of the development, anatomy, functions, and malfunctions of the immune system.
- 61. A spherical shaped bacteria.
- 63. These cells are responsible for transporting and processing antigens.
- 67. Bacteria that causes Lyme disease.
- 69. Number of layers in the cell wall structure of gram negative bacteria.
- 70. Spherical gram positive cocci usually arranged in chains or pairs.
- 75. Regions of antigen that specifically bind.
- 77. Last stage of life when the immune system is less effective.
- 78. The most common manifestation of drug allergy is this or hives.
- 79. This system is a group of 20 or more proteins that circulate in the blood and serve to complement or assist other defensive mechanisms.
- 82. First stage of life when the immune system is less effective.
- 83. Streptococcus that are unable to lyse red blood cells.
- 85. The movement of PMN's in response to chemotactic factors.
- 87. This activity is not increased during the lag phase.
- 88. Most likely antibiotic class to produce an anaphylactic reaction.
- 89. Type three hypersensitivity reaction.
- 90. The migration by neutrophils through the endothelial cells causes this to occur to a few red blood cells resulting in erythema and edema.
- 91. Cells that destroy tumor cells and virally infected cells.
- 92. Another name for antibodies.
Down
- 1. Fill in the Blank: Most bacteria are _______ and invisible to light microscopy which is why they must be stained in order to see them.
- 2. The release of cytoplasmic granules is stimulated by traumatic or microbial injury.
- 4. This is present in the outer membrane of Gram negative cells.
- 6. This line of defense includes the skin, mucous membranes, and secretions.
- 9. Cells that are common at sites in the body that are exposed to the external environment.
- 10. A bacteria that lacks a distinct shape.
- 11. Neutrophils release powerful enzymes and cytokines such as collagenase and what else?
- 14. Another name for innate immunity.
- 16. Another name for Group A streptococcus.
- 17. A big heterogenic group of streptococci.
- 19. Microorganisms that must have oxygen to survive.
- 21. Along with IgM this antibody can activate the complement system.
- 22. Cells derived from the bone marrow that mature in the bone marrow and are receptor sites for antigens.
- 24. Enzyme that microaerophilic bacteria have that allow them to tolerate low amounts of oxygen.
- 26. Phase of bacterial cell growth that occurs after the stationary phase.
- 29. Genus of bacteria that cause syphilis and lyme disease.
- 30. The biochemical mediator released by mast cells that cause the capillaries to dilate and vascular permeability to dramatically increase leading to edema.
- 32. Microorganisms that can grow in the absence of oxygen by using fermentation.
- 34. Type four hypersensitivity reaction.
- 37. Fill in the Blank: The nonspecific inflammatory response is a _______ response.
- 45. Type one hypersensitivity reaction.
- 46. Streptococcus that partially lyse red blood cells.
- 47. The scientific study of microorganisms.
- 48. Cells that are capable of engulfing and absorbing bacteria.
- 49. Metabolism property in which proteins are used for energy and growth.
- 52. Number of layers in the cell wall structure of gram positive bacteria.
- 54. The prcoess that allows PMN's to squeeze through the endothelial cells to relocate into connective tissue.
- 58. These are secreted by the host cell when it becomes infected with a virus.
- 59. The first cells to respond to acute inflammation.
- 62. Microorganisms that cannot tolerate oxygen.
- 64. Bacteria associated with necrotizing ulcerative periodontal diseases.
- 65. Fill in the Blank: Gram ________ bacteria stain pink or red.
- 66. Organisms that are too small to see with the naked eye.
- 68. Metabolism property in which sugars are used for energy.
- 70. Fill in the Blank: Gram positive bacteria are _________ to breakdown by penicillins and lysozyme.
- 71. Bacteria metabolic differences focus mainly on how the use or avoid what?
- 72. This disease occurs in the oral cavity when there is something wrong with neutrophil function.
- 73. Molecular oxygen is highly what?
- 74. Fill in the Blank: The location of mast cells allows them to regulat effector-cell __________.
- 76. Phase of bacterial growth in which there is no net increase or decrease in cell numbers as nutrients are used up and waste products build up.
- 80. B cells differentiate in to what?
- 81. Macrophages are antigen presenting cells that transport, process, and present antigens to what cells?
- 84. Channels that are present in gram negative cells but not in gram positive cells.
- 86. The innate immune system is present from when?