middle ages

1. were religious communities where monks lived, prayed, and worked. They were centers of learning, preserving knowledge during the Middle Ages.
5. were a portion of a person's income, usually one-tenth, paid to the Church as a form of taxation to support its activities.
6. was the political and social system in medieval Europe characterized by a hierarchy of land ownership and loyalty among lords, vassals, and peasants.
11. were religious communities for women, similar to monasteries, where nuns lived a life of prayer, work, and religious devotion.
14. was a woman of high social rank, usually belonging to the nobility or aristocracy.
15. were the lowest social class, primarily involved in agricultural labor and often living on a lord's land.
16. were armored warriors mounted on horses, bound by a code of chivalry emphasizing bravery, loyalty, and honor.
18. clergy consisted of religious officials and priests within the Catholic Church who held various positions of authority.
20. was a code of conduct for knights emphasizing virtues like bravery, courtesy, and respect toward women.
21. law refers to the internal laws and regulations of the Catholic Church governing religious practices, beliefs, and the behavior of its members.
22. was a person granted land (fief) in return for loyalty and service to a lord, often as a knight.

2. were peasants who worked the land on a lord's estate and were bound to the land, providing labor in exchange for protection.
3. were traveling musicians and poets who entertained and spread news and stories throughout medieval Europe.
4. also known as Charles the Great, was a Frankish king who expanded the Carolingian Empire and was crowned the first Holy Roman Emperor.
7. was the lord's estate comprising the house, farmland, villages, and the surrounding area, where the lord and peasants lived and worked.
8. were Norse seafarers and warriors who raided and traded across Europe during the Middle Ages.
9. were a Germanic tribe that played a significant role in the early medieval period and established the Carolingian Empire.
10. a noble who owned land and granted it, known as a fief, to vassals in exchange for loyalty and military service.
12. refer to the period in European history between the fall of the Roman Empire and the Renaissance, marked by feudalism, knights, and a strong influence of the Catholic Church.
13. a succession of rulers from the same family or line, often passing power down through hereditary means.
17. refers to something not associated with religious or spiritual matters, contrasting with the ecclesiastical aspects of society during that time.
19. was the land granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for allegiance and military support.