Middle Ages

4. The withholding of sacraments and Christian burial by the pope. This punishment essentially prevented a person from achieving salvation.
6. King of the Franks who conquered Gaul, which later became France.
8. Sacred rites of the Catholic Church that were necessary for salvation.
10. A system of government in which powerful local lords divided their lands among vassals in exchange for pledges of service and loyalty.
13. Clergy who supervised parish priests and managed cathedrals.
14. A feudal lord's estate, which included one or more villages, the lord's manor house, a church, a water mill to grind grain, fields for growing crops, and pastures for animals.
17. Peasants who were bound to their feudal lord's land.
19. A Frankish leader who rallied warriors to push Muslims out of France, succeeding at the Battle of Tours.
20. A series of wars in which Christians fought Muslims for control of Middle Eastern lands.

1. Christian court established in Spain under Ferdinand and Isabella. It tried people accused of heresy, targeting Muslims and Jews in particular. Those found guilty were burned at the stake.
2. Worldly, or non-religious.
3. The united Christian community that was created in Western Europe during Charlemagne's reign.
5. North African Muslims.
7. Large Gothic style churches that were huge and ornate.
9. A tax the Catholic Church collected that was equal to a tenth of someone's income.
11. The pope barring entire towns, regions, or kingdoms from receiving sacraments and Christian burial. This mass excommunication was meant to punish a noble or ruler.
12. Powerful Frankish ruler who built a huge empire that covered what are now France, Germany, and Italy, reuniting much of the former Western Roman Empire. Symbolically crowned "Emperor of the Romans" by Pope Leo III.
15. The campaign by Christian kingdoms in the north of Spain to drive Muslims out of the peninsula.
16. Lesser lords granted land by a greater lord in exchange for pledges of service and loyalty.
18. Estates of land given to vassals that included peasants to work the land, as well as any towns or buildings on it.