Middle Ages Crossword Puzzle

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Across
  1. 2. In the Middle Ages, the theological and philosophical school of thought that attempted to reconcile faith and reason.
  2. 6. (1042 - 1099 A.D.) Roman Catholic pope from 1088 to 1099; he called on Christians to launch the First Crusade.
  3. 10. Traveling singers who entertained people during the Middle Ages.
  4. 12. Associations of people who worked at the same craft or trade during the Middle Ages.
  5. 14. An economic system in the Middle Ages that was built around large estates called manors.
  6. 18. A grant of land from a lord to a vassal.
  7. 19. of the Roses (1455 – 1485) Civil war for the English crown between the York (white rose) and Lancaster (red rose) families.
  8. 20. A political and social system based on the granting of land in exchange for loyalty, military assistance, and other services.
  9. 24. A person who learns a skill under a master of the trade.
  10. 25. The written record of English landowners and their property made by order of William the Conqueror in 1085 - 1086.
  11. 30. (1157 – 1199) King of England from 1189 to 1199; he fought in the Holy Land against Saladin during the Third Crusade. He eventually ceased fighting and returned to England.
  12. 31. (1225 - 1274) Italian philosopher and theologian; he argued that rational thought could be used to support Roman Catholic belief.
  13. 34. Territories in central Italy controlled by the pope from 756–1870.
  14. 35. The effort of Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, occurring between the 1100's and 1492.
  15. 36. In medieval Europe, nobles who were members of a lord's heavily armored cavalry.
  16. 37. (Died 1020 A.D.) Norwegian explorer; he led a group of Vikings to North America and settled on the eastern shore of modern-day Canada.
  17. 38. (1050 – 1106) King of Germany from 1056 to 1106 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1056 to 1106; he was excommunicated by Pope Gregory VII over bishop appointments; he acknowledged the pope’s authority and was readmitted to the church.
  18. 40. The process of decorating a written manuscript with pictures or designs.
  19. 41. The governing body of England.
  20. 43. The loyalty owed by a vassal to his feudal lord.
  21. 44. Region that included Jerusalem and the are around it, considered holy by Jews, Christians, and Muslims.
  22. 45. Institution of the Roman Catholic Church that sought to eliminate heresy by seeking out and punishing heretics; especially active in Spain in the later 1400's and 1500's.
  23. 47. Title of nobility; in Charlemagne's empire, chosen officials who ruled parts of the empire in his name.
  24. 48. (1457 – 1509) King of England; he was the first king from the house of Tudor; his defeat of Richard III and his assumption of the throne marked the end of the Wars of the Roses and the beginning of a new era in England’s history.
  25. 50. The guidance of ships from place to place.
  26. 51. Devotion to one's religion.
  27. 52. Members of certain Roman Catholic religious orders; first prominent in the Europe of the late Middle Ages; unlike monks, friars preached in towns.
Down
  1. 1. An arched stone support on the outside of buildings, which allows builders to construct higher walls.
  2. 3. (1096 – 1204) A series of wars carried out by European Christians to gain control of the Holy Land from their Muslim rulers.
  3. 4. Long stories, written in the early 1200's, about great Icelandic heroes and events.
  4. 5. A style of church architecture developed during the 1100's characterized by tall spires and flying buttresses.
  5. 7. Peasants who were legally bound to their lord's land.
  6. 8. (1027 A.D. – 1087 A.D.) King of England from 1060 to 1087; he was a powerful French noble who conquered England and brought feudalism to England.
  7. 9. (1122– 1204 A.D.) Queen of France and England; she was one of the most powerful women in Europe during the Middle Ages.
  8. 11. (1098–1179) Medieval nun and author; she wrote dozens of poems and music to accompany them.
  9. 12. (1340 – 1400 A.D.) English poet; he wrote The Canterbury Tales, 23 stories of pilgrims assembled at the Tabard Inn in Southwark.
  10. 13. An arrangement by which a purchaser borrows money from a bank or other lender and agrees to pay it back over time.
  11. 15. (849 – 899) King of Wessex from 871 to 899; he defeated Danish invaders and united Anglo - Saxon England under his control. He compiled a code of laws and promoted learning.
  12. 16. (1337 - 1453) War fought between France and England for control of the French throne.
  13. 17. An organization of north-German cities and towns that organized and controlled trade throughout northern Europe from the 1200's through the 1400's.
  14. 21. (1020 – 1085 A.D.) Roman Catholic pope; his assertion of church power to appoint bishops led him into conflict with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV, who claimed the powers for himself. Gregory excommunicated Henry, who relented.
  15. 22. (1138 - 1193) Muslim sultan and hero; he campaigned to drive the Christians from the Holy Land. He stopped an army of crusaders under Richard the Lion-Hearted of England.
  16. 23. Papal term in office.
  17. 26. (1215) a charter agreed to by King John of England that granted nobles certain rights and restricted the king's powers.
  18. 27. An opinion that goes against the teachings of a church.
  19. 28. King of the Franks from 768 to 814; he united much of France, Germany and northern Italy in one Frankish empire; crowned Emperor of the Roman people in 800.
  20. 29. (1264–1321) Italian poet and humanist; he was the author of The Divine Comedy, one of the greatest literary classics.
  21. 32. (912 – 973) King of Germany (936 – 973) and Holy Roman Emperor (962–973); he defeated the Magyar army, which ended the Magyar raids in the mid-900's.
  22. 33. A terrible outbreak of bubonic plague that swept through Europe, beginning in 1347.
  23. 39. A skilled worker who was paid wages by the master of a guild.
  24. 42. In medieval Europe, a person granted land from a lord in return for services.
  25. 46. (938 – 996 A.D.) King of France from 987 to 996; elected by Frankish nobles to succeed King Louis V, he founded the Capetian dynasty, which ruled France for 300 years.
  26. 49. (1412 – 1431 A.D.) French soldier and national heroine; she rallied the French troops during the Hundred Years’ War and was burned at the stake for heresy.