Middle Ages Europe

1. Replaced barter as a means for exchange
7. Common religious venture to liberate Jerusalem and get land
9. Term for those knights awarded grants of land and who owed loyalty to their lord
10. Term for the peasants or common people
12. Pressure from these groups in the North helped lead to the collapse of Rome
15. The attempt to understand all subject areas under the guidance of religion
18. Another name for the Eastern Roman Empire
19. Period of "rebirth" in Europe that signaled the end of the Middle Ages in Europe.
22. Rise of this group (mostly merchants) occurred during the Late Middle Ages
23. Fortifications that made attacks on neighboring lands difficult and costly
24. This period extended from the late 400's to the late 1300's
25. Type of architecture that expressed worship through new designs

2. Area in France that produced William the Conqueror and the end of Anglo-Saxon Britain
3. Powerful warlord of the Franks who treated made conquered soldiers part of his army
4. Associations formed to regulate commerce and ensure the rights of merchants and tradesmen
5. Term for the period of the Early Middle Ages lasting about 300 years
6. System in which a nobleman would receive land in return for an oath of loyalty or service
8. Higher learning institutions established during the Middle Ages
11. Grants of land given to noblemen in exchange for oaths of loyalty
13. Powerful estates that contained a fortified villa with surrounding lands and industries that were self-sufficient
14. Philosophy that questioned the superiority of theological views
16. One of the main civilizing and unifying factors during the Dark Ages
17. Religious office that rose to high levels of power and prestige during the High Middle Ages
20. The code of the horseman (knights)
21. Second round of the Bubonic Plague that killed about 35% of Europe's population in the 1300's