Middle Ages: Franks and English

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Across
  1. 1. called Norsemen ("men of the north"); raided interior Europe using their longboats; reached North America around 1,000 A.D.
  2. 4. ancient France
  3. 8. a group of islands (two main islands) off the northwestern coast of Europe; includes the United Kingdom and Ireland
  4. 10. a group of Germanic tribes that settled in Gaul in the 3rd century AD; led by men such as Clovis, Pepin, and Charlemagne
  5. 14. (ruled 1199-1216) raised taxes and punished enemies without a trial; he is best known for being forced to sign the Magna Carta
  6. 16. (lived 1412-1431) French heroine and military leader inspired by religious visions to organize French resistance to the English; captured and executed by the British
  7. 20. A kingdom of the German Saxons and Angles united under King Alfred the Great in the late 9th century
  8. 22. a horse-mounted soldier granted an honorary title for military service; most were wealthy because only they could afford a horse
  9. 24. Celtic priests and judges who conducted religious ceremonies, which included human sacrifice
  10. 25. (732) battle where Charles Martel defeated the Moors and stopped their advance into Europe
  11. 30. (ruled 1189-1199) known as the Lionheart; spent most of reign waging war in Holy Land.
  12. 32. lands in northern Italy given by Pepin to the Pope after having conquered the Lombards
  13. 33. a treaty dividing Charlemagne's empire into three parts for Louis's three sons (the grandsons of Charlemagne)
  14. 35. a country in the south of Great Britain and which is a part of the United Kingdom
  15. 37. (1066) a decisive battle in which William the Conqueror (duke of Normandy) defeated the Anglo-Saxons to take England
  16. 38. (c. 742)-814) king of the Franks who made the Frankish kingdom the largest European empire since that of the Romans; he was given the title "Emperor of the Romans" by Pope Leo III on Christmas Day 800
  17. 39. (c. 686-741) Mayor of the Palace (715-741) who defeated the invading Moors at the Battle of Tours (732) and stopped their advance into Europe
  18. 40. a revival of learning initiated by Charlemagne's reforms: established schools in monasteries; required that priests be literate; encouraged monks to copy and preserve manuscripts of the Bible and other classical writings
  19. 44. (1337-1453) war fought between France and England for control of the French throne and English-owned land in French; French victory
  20. 47. the first estate in medieval society; prayed and cared for people's souls
  21. 48. (1455-1485) wars between two groups of English nobles for control of England; the House of Lancaster (red roses) defeated the House of York (white roses) and the Tudor dynasty began
  22. 50. (1215) document that limited the king's ability to tax English nobles and that guaranteed due process and a right to trial by jury
Down
  1. 2. countries of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway; the land of the Vikings
  2. 3. (c. 466-511) united the Franks under his rule (509-511) and converted to Christianity
  3. 5. a nation-state that includes Great Britain and Northern Ireland
  4. 6. early inhabitants of Britain known for their appearance in battle (they dyed their bodies blue) and their pagan religion
  5. 7. Muslims from North Africa who took over Spain for much of the Middle Ages
  6. 9. the third estate in medieval society; farmed and provided food and clothing
  7. 10. a system of society where land was given by lords to vassals in return for military support
  8. 11. a person who promised military support to a lord in return for ruling their land
  9. 12. the second estate in medieval society; fought and provided peace and protection
  10. 13. guilt or innocence is decided by a group of peers rather than a king or a judge
  11. 15. Christian missionary to the Celts in Ireland in the latter half of the 5th Century
  12. 17. missionary to Britain commissioned by Pope Gregory the Great in 597; converted Ethelbert, King of Kent, to Christianity and became the first archbishop of Canterbury
  13. 18. (rule 1066-1087) duke of Normandy who became the first Norman king of England
  14. 19. (714-768) Mayor of the Palace who was named King of the Franks by the Pope (751) after giving him the land of the defeated Lombards
  15. 21. (849-899) king of Wessex who defeated the invading Danes and became the first King of the Anglo-Saxons
  16. 23. powerful English noble who was made king of England after Edward the Confessor's death; the last Anglo-Saxon king of England
  17. 26. a position under the Merovingian kings which was responsible for running the king's household and eventually running the kingdom
  18. 27. Viking leader who became king of England in 1016, ruling England, Denmark, and Norway as an entire empire
  19. 28. a fortified residence of a lord or noble
  20. 29. young knights-in-training who served in the lord's house and learned to hunt
  21. 31. a person who owned land and allowed others to rule it if they promised military support
  22. 34. the code of conduct for nobility and knights; included strength, courage, and loyalty
  23. 36. a guarantee that legal proceedings will be fairly and consistently administered before punishments are enforced
  24. 41. an island consisting of England, Scotland, and Wales
  25. 42. knights-in-training who served as a personal servant to a knight and learned to ride a horse and use weaponry
  26. 43. a piece of land owned by a king or lord and given to a vassal in return for military service
  27. 45. viking settlement in northern France
  28. 46. a record of all of the people and property (land and livestock) in England, recorded by a census under William the Conqueror in 1086
  29. 49. nomadic people from Asia who raided southeastern Europe