Across
- 4. Sentence by which the Christian Church expels a person from the church and forbids any priest to give the person communion or any of the sacraments.
- 6. Medieval system of landholding in Europe based on the relationship between a lord and his superiors (king on top) and on duties and services to each other. All members of the system had some rights.
- 9. First stage in medieval guild system: period when a person begins to learn a craft or trade.
- 11. Citizen who represents the people and makes laws for them on a local council.
- 13. Person who is not allowed to leave the land on which he/she works, without permission of the manor lord.
- 14. A deadly epidemic caused by bacteria that passed into the human population when fleas, carrying infected blood from rats, bit people.
- 16. Religion established through the prophet Mohammad. Followers of Islam are called Muslims.
- 18. Young women who lived simple lives of devotion and hard work, serving God and caring for orphans, the sick, and the homeless.
- 19. In the feudal system, the house and estate given to a knight or lesser lord in exchange for his certain duties including raising troops for war.
- 21. Middle class citizen of a borough or town that has a charter from the local lord giving the town independence.
- 22. Muslim name for God.
Down
- 1. Young nobleman in training to be a knight.
- 2. Land held under the feudal system and worked by the owner to provide for his own household. Usually, the land adjacent to the manor house and kept by the lord for his own use.
- 3. Person's land or area of power in the feudal system.
- 5. System of justice used during the Middle Ages. A person accused of a crime could be cleared of wrongdoing if several people supporting the oath of the accused that he/she was innocent.
- 7. Women who head communities of nuns, and often exercised great power over lands, people, and defense forces.
- 8. Fighters who served under nobles and lords, who were expected to go to war whenever their king demanded it.
- 10. Young boy, of noble rank, who was in the first stage of training for knighthood.
- 12. Narrow strip of land between two furrows, used in the feudal system to divide an open field among several tenants who were usually serfs.
- 15. War of the cross. Initiated by Christians to push Muslims out of the holy lands.
- 17. Young men who devoted their lives to God and the church and served the community.
- 20. Medieval association of craftsmen and merchants intended to set the rules for their craft and to protect each other. Like a union.