Across
- 3. an agricultural labor bound under the feudal system to work on their lord's estate
- 4. an ecclesiastical court established in Roman Catholic Spain in 1478 and directed originally against converts from Judaism and Islam but later also against Protestants; it operated with great severity until suppressed in the early 19th century
- 8. a holder of land by feudal tenure on conditions of homage and allegiance
- 9. a wealthy and powerful person or family who commissioned and paid for works of art and architecture
- 11. Germanic people who conquered Gaul in the 6th century and controlled much of western Europe for several centuries afterward
- 15. a war between France and England, conventionally dated 1337-1453
- 16. pastoral nomads of the Asian steppes who eventually formed an empire under the leadership of Genghis Khan
- 18. denoting attitudes, activities, or things that have no religious or spiritual basis
- 20. relating to the Middle Ages
- 21. system of law that is based on customs and court decisions rather than on written laws made by a parliament
- 22. the deal between the people and the landlords, in which, in exchange for work, the lord would provide protection
Down
- 1. a philosophical stance that emphasizes the individual and social potential, and agency of human beings, whom it considers the starting point for serious moral and philosophical inquiry
- 2. historical group of people that once occupied Northwestern and Central Europe and Scandinavia during antiquity and into the early Middle Ages
- 5. the medieval knight system with its religious, moral, and social code
- 6. a charter of liberty and political rights obtained from King John of England by his rebellious barons at Runnymede in 1215, which came to be seen as the seminal document of English constitutional practice
- 7. Germanic inhabitants of England between the 5th century and the Norman Conquest
- 10. modeled on or aiming for a state in which everything is perfect; idealistic
- 11. an estate of land, especially one held on condition of feudal service; given to vassal
- 12. the lord's estate in the feudal system
- 13. the illegal action or practice of lending money at unreasonably high rates of interest
- 14. the revival of art and literature under the influence of classical models in the 14th-16th centuries
- 17. people who originated in the Urals and migrated westward to settle in what is now Hungary in the 9th century AD
- 19. the great epidemic of bubonic plague that killed a large part of the population of Europe in the mid 14th century; it originated in central Asia and China and spread rapidly through Europe, carried by the fleas of black rats, reaching England in 1348 and killing between one third and one half of the population in a matter of months
- 21. a series of medieval military expeditions made by Europeans to the Holy Land in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries