Across
- 1. Developed the one of the most influential dictionaries in 1755,
- 4. Johannes Schmidt 1872--- language evolves from one disturbance or change ,
- 5. English, Refers to the regional forms of English,
- 7. Aitchison potential for change implementation diffusion codification,
- 9. varieties of English which have developed in different countries,
- 11. the social context and meaning of words and phrases,
- 14. language changes because of globalization of language as another influences one variety of English,
- 15. Criteria to be a global language: Political and economic affairs must be __________,
- 17. section of Kachru's circles model that is norm developing,
- 19. Vowel Shift, A series of changes in pronunciation affecting vowels; 1350 CE- onwards,
- 21. the pronunciation and sound patterns which affect understanding of words,
- 22. The emerging dialect from merging invading tribes & Latin; 700 CE,
- 24. section of Kachru's circles model that is norm developing,
- 25. shows frequent pairing of words,
- 27. the words,
- 29. Chen, 1968 Change starts in a limited way, then accelerates as more adopt the change, and finally levels off over time,
- 31. the word order. A part of grammar.,
- 33. the writing system,
- 34. where two (or more) languages merge to form a distinctive variety with native speakers,
- 37. (Charles Hockett) (changes happen randomly and spread),
- 38. the meaning of words,
- 39. The language resulting from a fusion of Norman French and Old English. 1100-1500 CE,
Down
- 2. the letters and spelling,
- 3. Criteria to be a global language: Speakers must spread over a wide _________________ area. ,
- 6. English, A form of English which has been accepted as the norm,
- 8. Language changes because of economy, expressiveness, and analogy,
- 10. the origin of a word and the historical development of its meaning,
- 12. Transmission, (Bandura 1977, Mackintosh 1983, Hartl and Clark 1997) (language changes through socialization and engagement with others--- horizontal, vertical, oblique),
- 13. language changes and new words emerge because it is possible and needed for innovation,
- 16. the structure, and building blocks of words,
- 18. (Michael Halliday) (language changes according to the needs of its users),
- 20. A form of the English language used from 1500 to around 1800 CE,
- 23. Criteria to be a global language: The _______of first language speakers must be high,
- 26. a language which is spoken as a common language,
- 28. many languages in existence can be traced back to a much smaller number Indo-European,
- 30. Introduced the printing press to England in 1476 CE,
- 32. section of Kachru's circles model that is norm dependent,
- 35. example of NVE in Russia,
- 36. Modern, The period of English development 1800-present,