Across
- 2. a conflict, lasting from 1642 to 1649, in which Puritan supporters of Parliament battled supporters of England’s monarchy.
- 9. one of a group of social thinkers in France during the Enlightenment.
- 13. relating to a simple, elegant style (based on ideas and themes from ancient Greece and Rome) that characterized the arts in Europe during the late 1700s.
- 16. the idea that the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun.
- 17. the agreement by which people define and limit their individual rights, thus creating an organized society or government.
- 19. a belief held by many scientists and philosophers during the Enlightenment that God created the universe and then allowed it to run on its own following natural laws.
- 20. a landowning noble of Russia.
- 21. a French government official appointed by the monarch to collect taxes and administer justice.
- 22. measures designed to prevent any one branch of government from dominating the others.
- 24. an adoption of the social, political, or economic institutions of Western—especially European or American—countries.
- 27. a system of governing in which the ruler’s power is limited by law.
Down
- 1. the bloodless overthrow of the English king James II and his replacement by William and Mary.
- 3. a European conflict over religion and territory and for power among ruling families, lasting from 1618 to 1648.
- 4. a document requiring that a prisoner be brought before a court or judge so that it can be decided whether his or her imprisonment is legal.
- 5. in the Middle Ages, the earth-centered view of the universe in which scholars believed that the earth was an immovable object located at the center of the universe.
- 6. a logical procedure for gathering information about the natural world, in which experimentation and observation are used to test hypotheses.
- 7. a philosophy based on the idea that nothing can be known for certain.
- 8. a social gathering of intellectuals and artists, like those held in the homes of wealthy women in Paris and other European cities during the Enlightenment.
- 10. a 1598 declaration in which the French king Henry IV promised that Protestants could live in peace in France and could set up houses of worship in some French cities.
- 11. the idea that monarchs are God’s representatives on earth and therefore answer only to God.
- 12. a major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.
- 14. a king or queen who has unlimited power and seeks to control all aspects of society.
- 15. a belief held by Enlightenment thinkers that truth could be discovered through reason or logical thinking.
- 18. one of the 18th-century European monarchs who was inspired by Enlightenment ideas to rule justly and respect the rights of subjects.
- 23. a conflict in Europe, North America, and India, lasting from 1756 to 1763, in which the forces of Britain and Prussia battled those of Austria, France, Russia, and other countries.
- 25. relating to a grand, ornate style that characterized European painting, music, and architecture in the 1600s and early 1700s.
- 26. a group of advisers or ministers chosen by the head of a country to help make government decisions