Across
- 4. The final stage of mitosis where the chromosomes arrive at the poles, decondense back into chromatin, and a new nuclear envelope re-forms around each set of chromosomes.
- 7. The physical process following mitosis (or meiosis) in which the cytoplasm divides, resulting in the formation of two separate daughter cells.
- 8. Tissue, Tissue composed of neurons and supporting cells (glia), specialized to transmit and process electrical and chemical signals (e.g., brain, spinal cord, nerves).
- 11. Deoxyribonucleic acid, the hereditary material in all organisms, consisting of two long chains of nucleotides coiled into a double helix, containing the genetic instructions for development and function.
- 12. Tissue, Tissue that forms covering and lining layers throughout the body and its organs, providing protection, secretion, and absorption (e.g., skin surface, lining of the gut).
- 13. cell, A cell containing two complete sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent, characteristic of somatic cells.
- 16. Tissue, Tissue composed of cells specialized for contraction, responsible for movement (e.g., skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle).
- 17. Differentiation, The process by which a less specialized cell (like a stem cell) develops into a more specialized cell type, acquiring a distinct structure and function.
- 18. Expression, The process by which the information encoded in a gene is used to synthesize a functional gene product, such as a protein or an RNA molecule.
- 20. Cell, An undifferentiated cell that has the capacity to divide indefinitely (self-renewal) and the ability to differentiate into specialized cell types.
- 22. The first stage of mitosis where the chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, the nuclear envelope begins to break down, and the mitotic spindle starts to form.
- 23. Signaling, The network of communication within a single cell, involving chemical messengers that relay signals from receptors on the cell surface or within the cell to the nucleus or other parts of the cell.
- 27. tissue, Tissue that supports, protects, and binds together other tissues and organs, characterized by having cells scattered within an extracellular matrix (e.g., bone, blood, fat, cartilage).
- 29. A structure composed of condensed DNA and associated proteins (like histones) that carries the genetic information of an organism, becoming visible during cell division.
- 31. chromatid, One of the two identical copies of a chromosome that are produced by DNA replication, joined together at the centromere before separation during anaphase.
- 32. All the contents of a cell outside the nucleus, enclosed by the plasma membrane, including the cytosol (the semi-fluid substance) and the organelles.
Down
- 1. A group of similar cells and their extracellular matrix that work together to perform a specific function (e.g., muscle tissue).
- 2. The long preparatory phase of the cell cycle before mitosis, during which the cell grows, performs its normal functions, and duplicates its DNA and centrosomes.
- 3. envelope, The double membrane that encloses the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, separating the chromosomes from the cytoplasm.
- 5. The stage of mitosis where the sister chromatids separate at the centromere and are pulled apart toward opposite poles of the cell by the spindle fibers, becoming individual chromosomes.
- 6. A type of protein (or RNA) that acts as a catalyst to speed up specific biochemical reactions without being consumed in the process.
- 7. The specialized region on a chromosome where the two sister chromatids are joined together and where the spindle fibers attach during cell division.
- 9. fiber, Microtubules that form the mitotic spindle, an apparatus responsible for moving and separating chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis.
- 10. cycle, The ordered series of events, including growth, DNA replication, and cell division, that a cell undergoes from its formation until it divides into two new daughter cells.
- 14. cells, The two (or four) new cells that result from the division of a single parent cell through mitosis or meiosis.
- 15. A cylindrical structure, typically found in pairs within the centrosome of animal cells, involved in the organization of the mitotic spindle.
- 19. System, A group of organs that work together to perform a broad physiological function essential for the survival of the organism (e.g., the digestive system).
- 21. The process of nuclear division in eukaryotic somatic cells that results in two nuclei, each genetically identical to the original nucleus; the M phase of the cell cycle, which includes prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
- 24. The main microtubule-organizing center in animal cells, which duplicates during interphase and organizes the mitotic spindle during cell division.
- 25. The stage of mitosis where the chromosomes align at the center of the cell, forming the metaphase plate, and are attached to spindle fibers.
- 26. Signaling, The communication that occurs between two or more cells, often involving the release of signaling molecules by one cell that bind to receptors on another cell to trigger a response.
- 28. The complex of DNA and proteins (mainly histones) found within the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, existing in a less condensed state during interphase.
- 30. A structure composed of two or more types of tissues that function together to perform a specialized physiological role (e.g., the heart, a lung).