Modern China

2. Imperial China’s ‘meritocratic social class’; actually, both meritocratic scholars (‘literati’ rising through the imperial exams, ‘Confucians’ who staffed the administration) and quasi-hereditary aristocracy.
4. Influential religion in China; the Qing used its symbols for political authority in Mongolia & Tibet.
8. A province of modern China: huge region west of ‘China proper,’ conquered in the late 18th century, characterised by the highest mountains on earth.
10. The … of Heaven legitimised the rule of the Chinese emperor.
11. The First Opium War (1839-1842) ended with the Treaty of…
12. The probably most influential school of thought in China related to philosophy, ethics, and governance.
14. Some scholars have argued that in the late 19th century China saw a move from ‘culturalism’ to …
16. The Qing official Lin Zexu tried to suppress its import by burning huge amounts of it in 1839.
18. There were around 1,500 of them across the empire, running local administration.
19. At the time the Chinese desired opium from the British, the British desired from the Chinese…
20. A province of modern China: huge region northwest of ‘China proper,’ conquered in the late 18th century, characterised by desert and mountains.

1. While the Ming was a Chinese-ruled dynasty, the Qing was a …-ruled dynasty.
3. According to the article by Wong (1997), “Confucian Agendas” (required reading week 1), local elites in late imperial China stabilised social order through two means: welfare and …
5. The only product/payment the Chinese would accept from the British before the Opium Wars.
6. Large Chinese city, known for its distinctive Sino-Western character since the late 19th century; thousands of elite refugees fled here during the 1850s/1860s civil war.
7. They started a large-scale rebellion against the Qing in 1851 and were defeated by Qing & international forces in 1864.
9. Whoever wanted to acquire official ranks and posts first had to pass the imperial … system (local, provincial, and metropolitan level).
13. Between 1876-1879, ten millions died in the Great North China …
15. In the middle of the Second Opium War (1856-1860) the Treaty of … opened further treaty ports.
17. ‘The shock of 1895’ (in the Chinese perspective) refers to the Qing being defeated by …