Across
- 4. level of the oceans' surfaces, which has risen at a rate of about 3 mm per year
- 7. sloping oceanic region found beyond the continental shelf that generally marks the edge of the continental crust and may be cut by sub-marine canyons
- 8. chain of underwater mountains that run throughout the ocean basins, have a total length over 65,000 km, and contain active and extinct volcanoes
- 11. periodic rise and fall of sea level caused by the gravitational attraction among Earth, the Moon, and the Sun
- 14. movement of ocean water that occurs in depths too great to be affected by surface winds and is generated by differences in water temperature and salinity
- 17. upward movement of ocean water that occurs when winds push surface water aside and it is replaced with cold, deeper waters that originate below the thermocline
- 20. process in which waves advancing toward shore slow when they encounter shallower water, causing the initially straight wave crests to bend toward the headlands
- 21. smooth, flat part of the seafloor covered with muddy sediments and sedimentary rocks that extends seaward from the continental margin
- 23. area where edges of continents meet the ocean; represents the shallowest part of the ocean that consists of the continental shelf, the continental slope, and the continental rise
- 24. basaltic, submerged volcano on the seafloor that is more than 1 km high
- 25. rapidly flowing ocean current that can cut deep-sea canyons in continental slopes and deposit the sediments in the form of continental rise
- 27. elongated, sometimes arc-shaped depression in the seafloor that can extend for thousands of kilometers; is the deepest part of the ocean basin, and is found primarily in the Pacific Ocean
- 29. long ridges of sand or other sediment that are deposited or shaped by the longshore current and separated from the mainland
- 30. large, extinct, basaltic volcano with a flat, submerged top
- 31. the rhythmic movement that carrier energy through matter of space and, in oceans, is generated mainly by wind moving over the surface of the water
Down
- 1. transitional ocean layer that lies between the relatively warm, sunlit surface layer and the colder, dark, dense bottom layer and is characterized by temperatures that decrease rapidly with depth
- 2. wind-driven movement of ocean water that primarily affects the upper few hundred meters of the ocean
- 3. during full or new moon, the Sun, the Moon, and Earth are all aligned; this causes solar tides to enhance lunar tides, causing high tides to be higher than normal and low tides to be lower than normal
- 5. submerged sandbar located in the surf zone of most beaches
- 6. collapsing wave that forms when a wave reaches shallow water and becomes so steep that the crest topples forward
- 9. shallowest part of a continental margin, with an average depth of 130 m and an average width of 60 km, that extends into the ocean from the shore and provides a nutrient-rich home to large numbers of fish
- 10. coastal area of lowest salinity often occurs where the lower end of a freshwater river or stream enters the
- 12. gently sloping accumulation of sediments deposited by a turbidity current at the foot of a continental margin
- 13. tide that occurs during first- or third-quarter Moon, when the Sun, the Moon and the Earth form a right angle; this causes solar tides to diminish lunar tides, causing high tides to be lower than normal and low tides to be higher than normal
- 15. plots changing ocean water temperatures against depth, which varies, depending on location and season
- 16. current that flows parallel to the shore, moves large amounts of sediments, and is formed when incoming breakers spill over a longshore bar
- 18. highest point of a wave
- 19. technique that directs sound waves at an angle to the seafloor or deep-lake floor, allowing underwater topographic features to be mapped
- 22. measure of the amount of salts dissolved in seawater, which is 35 ppt, or 3.5% on average
- 26. area in which loose sediment is deposited and moved about by waves along the shore
- 28. lowest point of a wave