Module 4

3. The protective layer in the gut that prevents microbes from reaching the epithelium.
7. Microbial imbalance in the gut, often linked to health issues.
8. The primary energy source for colonocytes, produced by gut microbes.
10. The diet that reduces gastrointestinal symptoms in IBS by avoiding fermentable carbohydrates.
12. A live microorganism that provides health benefits when consumed.
13. A carbohydrate source fermented by gut microbes to produce SCFAs.
15. This phase of life is critical for microbiome development and long-term health.
17. The bacterial phylum overrepresented in obesity-related dysbiosis.
18. The human milk component that promotes colonization of beneficial gut bacteria in infants.
20. The system of communication between the gut and brain.

1. Beneficial bacteria commonly found in breastfed infants, associated with gut health.
2. Bacteria that promote blood vessel growth in the intestine.
4. The primary neurotransmitter produced in the gut, associated with mood regulation.
5. The microbial ecosystem within the human body.
6. the most abundant SCFA and an essential metabolite for the growth of other bacteria—reaches the peripheral tissues where it is used in cholesterol metabolism and lipogenesis, and may play a role in central appetite regulation.
9. Dominant bacterial phyla in the gut, includes Firmicutes and _______.
11. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are produced by fermentation of this dietary component.
14. A bacterial product with toxic properties, often linked to inflammation in dysbiosis.
16. The condition characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, includes Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis.
19. This microbiota-produced vitamin is critical for blood clotting.