Molecular Genetics

3. Endonucleases that recognize palindromic sequences, cutting DNA to generate sticky or blunt ends; foundational in cloning.
4. Targets non-reproductive cells; effects limited to treated individual; applications include cancer and sickle cell therapies.
8. DNA library made from mRNA using reverse transcriptase; lacks introns and represents expressed genes; useful for protein studies.
9. High-throughput sequencing of the transcriptome to measure global gene expression.
13. Delivery of functional genes to correct defective ones using viral or non-viral vectors; can be ex vivo or in vivo; challenges include immune response and insertional mutagenesis.
14. DNA library containing entire genome including introns and regulatory sequences; useful for studying gene regulation and structure.
15. Restriction enzymes, DNA ligases, vectors, and CRISPR-Cas9 used for manipulating DNA.
16. Engineering organisms with novel genetic functions for agriculture, energy, and biosensors.
20. Targets gametes or embryos, producing heritable changes; raises ethical issues like designer babies and off-target risks.

1. Includes cancer mutation discovery, pathogen genome tracking, rare disease diagnosis, pharmacogenomics, and precision medicine.
2. High-throughput sequencing that generates millions of reads in parallel; applications include whole-genome sequencing, RNA-Seq, and epigenomics.
5. Tools like CRISPR, TALENs, and ZFNs used to directly modify DNA sequences.
6. Technique that identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors and histones.
7. Study of the tools, methods, and applications of DNA technology, sequencing, gene expression, and editing.
10. Genome editing system using guide RNA and Cas9 nuclease to create double-strand breaks; repaired by NHEJ (mutations) or HDR (precise editing).
11. Protein detection method involving SDS-PAGE, membrane transfer, antibody probing, and detection; used for protein quantification and validation of gene expression.
12. Traditional sequencing method with high accuracy but low throughput.
17. Enzyme that seals phosphodiester bonds, joining DNA fragments to create stable recombinant DNA.
18. DNA carriers including plasmids, bacteriophage vectors, BACs, YACs, and viral vectors, used for gene delivery and cloning.
19. High-throughput technique measuring thousands of genes simultaneously via fluorescent cDNA hybridization to DNA probes on a chip.