Across
- 3. A law that exempted a person from voting requirements like literacy tests if their grandfather had voted before 1867, protecting white voters while excluding Black voters.
- 6. The enforced separation of different racial groups in schools, housing, transportation, and public spaces.
- 7. A secret white supremacist organization founded during Reconstruction that used violence and intimidation to prevent African Americans from exercising their rights.
- 11. A test of reading and writing skills that Southern states used to keep African Americans from registering to vote.
- 13. Lincoln's 1863 proposal that a Southern state could rejoin the Union once 10% of its 1860 voters swore loyalty to the U.S. and accepted the end of slavery.
- 14. The 1865 constitutional amendment that abolished slavery throughout the United States.
- 16. The 1870 constitutional amendment that stated a citizen's right to vote could not be denied based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
- 17. A minister and politician who, in 1870, became the first African American to serve in the U.S. Senate, representing Mississippi. His election was a landmark moment showing what political participation by Black Americans could look like under Reconstruction.
- 18. A formerly enslaved man who became a leading abolitionist, writer, and statesman. Throughout Reconstruction, he pushed the nation to fully guarantee Black citizenship, voting rights, and equal protection under the law, arguing that freedom without rights was incomplete.
- 19. A farming system in which landless farmers, often freedpeople, worked land owned by others in exchange for a share of the crops, frequently trapping them in debt.
- 20. The process of formally charging a public official with misconduct; Andrew Johnson was impeached by the House in 1868 but not removed from office.
Down
- 1. A federal agency created in 1865 to help formerly enslaved people find food, housing, education, and employment after the Civil War.
- 2. 16th President of the United States (1861-1865).
- 4. Restrictive laws passed by Southern states after the Civil War to limit the freedom and rights of African Americans.
- 5. The informal agreement that resolved the disputed 1876 presidential election by giving Republicans the presidency in exchange for withdrawing federal troops from the South, ending Reconstruction.
- 8. A fee required to vote, used after Reconstruction to prevent poor African Americans (and some poor whites) from voting.
- 9. The 1868 constitutional amendment that granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the U.S. and guaranteed equal protection under the law.
- 10. A group of Republicans in Congress who wanted harsh treatment of the South, full citizenship rights and protections for freedpeople, and a slower path back to the Union for Confederate states.
- 12. The U.S. president who succeeded Lincoln in 1865. He favored a lenient approach to readmitting Southern states, clashed repeatedly with Radical Republicans in Congress, and was impeached by the House in 1868 but not removed from office.
- 15. The period from 1865 to 1877 when the United States worked to rebuild the South and reunite the nation after the Civil War.