Across
- 4. A lyrical epic and narrative song form, stemming from the literary tradition of the Spanish romance, that rose to popularity with the Revolution of 1910 as a means for sharing current events
- 5. Canción _____, term referring to Mexican folk and folk-derived songs with simple chordal accompaniment and an operatic vocal style; it is a main element of both mariachi and conjunto repertoire
- 7. intervals smaller than a half step; they are used in many non-Western folk musics as well as in experimental art music
- 9. _________ music: Also known as aleatory music, it is an experimental genre in which the composer gives up control over significant aspects of the composition or performance of the piece. The most extreme example might be Cage’s 4’33’’
- 10. musique _________: an experimental technique in which a performer records a live sound for later use in a composition, often through electronic manipulation
- 14. Composer who pioneered minimalist music in the mid 1960s; his In C uses elements of chance music.
- 15. Grammy-award winning pop and country singer whose 1987 album Canciones de mi padre was influential in spurring interest in mariachi music and highlighted mariachi as a symbol of Mexican American identity
- 16. An Afro-Caribbean religion in which the traditional ancestor worship of African tribal religions blends with Catholicism
- 18. Ballet _____, term since the 1950s for dance groups that merge theatrical elements of classical ballet with Mexican folk dances
- 19. rhythmic pattern of Cuban origin featuring a series of eighth notes arranged in irregular groups of 2 and 3; a fundamental element of Afro-Cuban musics
- 21. A secular Afro-Cuban folk music, featuring a lead vocalist and chorus, congas and claves; influential in the development of son and salsa. It has three sections: diana, canto, and montuno
- 24. Accordionist and composer, considered the father of Texas Mexican music, also known as “El huracán del valle”
- 26. 20th century composer who achieved a distinctively American style by incorporating elements of jazz and other vernacular musics, such as in Appalachian Spring
- 27. Second New England School composer who in spite of taking issue with Dvorak’s suggestion still used Native American melodies in some works, like his Indian Suite
- 30. Extremely influential accordionist who added vocals to the traditional conjunto tejano, retuned the accordion, and represents the transition to a modern conjunto style
- 31. A compositional technique that rejects tonality in favor of having all pitches be equal in importance
- 32. Mexican-born vihuelist and mariachi director who was a leading promoter of mariachi music in the United States; his Mariachi Los Camperos earned widespread recognition
- 34. 19th-century American piano virtuoso and composer who was inspired by his tours of the Caribbean and Latin America
- 35. Late 20th century artistic movement that sought an intentionally simplified style; in music based upon the repetition and gradual variation of simple melodic fragments
- 37. Experimentalist composer who was unknown for most of his composing career; musical quotations are an inherent part of his compositions, such as in Three Places in New England.
- 41. An experimental technique in which two different tonal centers are used at the same time
- 42. Minimalist composer who writes “process music”, an idea based on tape loops.
- 45. Enormously popular Mexican American singer whose crossover appeal brought attention to tejano music, even before her tragic death in 1995 at the age of 23.
- 46. Composer who sought to express the African American experience in his works, such as his Afro-American Symphony
- 47. ______ music: Commonly known as classical music, a genre based on a tradition of written music that emerged in European courts and churches
- 48. Supergroup including accordionist Flaco Jimenez and guitarist Freddy Fender, and singer Doug Sahm, which mixed conjunto tejano with R&B and country
- 49. Term usually referring specifically to a Sinaloa ensemble consisting of brass, woodwinds, percussions and tambora, influential in música norteña
- 50. Second New England School composer who was the first American woman to achieve success with larger forms like the symphony; her Gaelic Symphony uses Scottish and Irish melodies, reflecting her heritage
- 52. Internationally known Bohemian composer who in the late 19th century influenced American composers through his ideas of using Native and African American folk melodies to create a distinctively American style
- 53. A generic term for Mexican folk music, typically danced, with regional variations; also a term for an influential Cuban folk-derived popular music, fusing elements of rumba and jazz
- 55. Newyorican trombonist and salsa bandleader whose powerful arrangements perfectly complemented Blades’s lyrics
- 56. A dance in duple meter of central European origin; one of the primary genres played by Mexican conjuntos
Down
- 1. A small five-string instrument with a curved arched back; a main instrument of mariachi ensembles
- 2. Panamanian singer and composer; one of the most prominent salsa artists
- 3. Guitar-like instrument with twelve strings, that provides accompaniment to the accordion in Mexican conjunto music
- 6. A portable free-reed instrument with buttons or keys on either side of a bellows; it is one of the main instruments in Mexican conjunto music
- 8. An ensemble common on both sides of the U.S.-Mexico border, centered around the accordion and bajo sexto
- 11. An experimental technique in which foreign objects are placed inside a piano to modify its sound
- 12. A term referring to Mexican Americans; although it previously had negative connotations, it was reclaimed during the 1960s civil rights movement as a symbol of pride in Mexican American heritage
- 13. _____ de Tecalitlán, Most iconic mariachi ensemble, founded in 1898 by Gaspar Vargas and still active today
- 17. Percussion instrument consisting of a double-headed bass drum with cymbals; a vital component of banda music
- 19. Afro-Caribbean dance genre of Colombian origin, performed by modern conjunto ensembles on both sides of the U.S.-Mexico border
- 20. Los _____, Conjunto norteño who helped define modern norteño instrumental style and used corrido form to deal with social issues
- 22. Musical tradition originating in Western Mexico, especially the state of Jalisco, with an ensemble typically consisting of trumpet, violin, vihuela, guitar, guitarrón and sometimes harp
- 23. percussionist and bandleader who popularized Latin dance genres and became a symbol of Puerto Rican identity
- 25. Cuban tres player, composer and bandleader who innovated the son by increasing the number of trumpets to 3, adding piano and congas and extending the montuno section; his son montuno is a link between the early Cuban son and Newyorican salsa
- 28. Composer who radically expanded the range of sounds allowed to be considered “music,” using the prepared piano and inventing several aleatory compositional techniques.
- 29. Mexican singer who became the most prolific and influential composer of canción ranchera
- 33. Dance genre developed by Cuban and Puerto Rican immigrants in New York in the 1960s, featuring elements from Cuban son and jazz; it mediates conflicts between tradition and modernity
- 36. The last stanza of a corrido or other folk song, in which the singer says farewell to its audience and closes the narration
- 38. Most popular and influential banda group, founded in 1937 by Cruz Lizarraga but still active today
- 39. Term describing the ethnic and cultural mixing that happened in Latin America after the Conquest
- 40. French composition teacher who, beginning in the 1920s, was responsible for training several generations of American composers.
- 42. An extended work for orchestra; in the 19th century it became the most complex and important genre for art music composers to master
- 43. The process whereby a minority group, such as immigrants, gradually adapts to the customs and attitudes of the prevailing culture. Historically, Latin American (particularly, Mexican) immigrants have shown a tendency to resist it
- 44. Carlos ________, Mexican-born guitar virtuoso who pioneered Latin rock fusion and has collaborated with many other notable musicians from both sides of the border
- 51. 20th century artistic movement; in music it favored experimentalism and a rejection of traditional elements of music, such as tonality
- 54. the last section of a Cuban rumba or son, in which the singer and chorus do call and response and the instrumentalists improvise