Across
- 3. African American composer who helped to preserve spirituals through his solo and choral arrangements
- 4. A membranophone unique to North America, used by several Native American groups
- 11. Flute player and composer who revitalized the Navajo flute repertoire
- 12. A type of performance in which the music is created as it is being performed
- 14. _______ song: 19th-century sentimental popular song, meant for middle-class amateur consumers; Stephen Foster’s “Beautiful Dreamer” is an example.
- 15. Nonsense syllables used in various types of songs, such as Native American songs
- 16. The first book printed in British North America, printed in Cambridge in 1640 for use in psalm singing
- 18. _________ school: 18th-century practice in which a singing master would teach singing and note reading; it signals the beginning of professional musicianship and music education in the U.S.
- 20. 19th-century composer of popular songs who sought to raise the status of minstrel songs; he was the first American composer to live solely from his compositions.
- 21. Category used in the early 20th century by the recording industry for its blues, jazz and gospel records; it was replaced in 1949 by Rhythm and Blues.
- 24. Female blues and jazz singer who was the most successful black performing artist of her time but alcoholism and the depression damaged her career; her duet with Louis Armstrong in "St. Louis Blues" is one of her most famous performances
- 26. A highly influential blues singer, known as the link between the early Mississippi blues and the modern Chicago blues; legend has it he sold his soul to the devil in exchange for guitar skills
- 27. First New England School composer, whose New England Psalm Singer was the first entirely American-composed tunebook to be published.
Down
- 1. Folklorists who recorded blues and folk musicians in the field for the Library of Congress archives, helping them achieve wide exposure
- 2. A highly influential blues singer who came to prominence partly as a result of recordings made by ethnographers John and Alan Lomax
- 5. African American choral group founded at Fisk University in Tennessee in 1871, important for introducing, popularizing, and preserving spirituals
- 6. Merging two musical styles/forms/elements to create a new one
- 7. A practice in which a solo alternates with a chorus or ensemble; it is a feature of West African and African American musics
- 8. Native American intertribal gathering that allows participants to preserve important cultural practices, such as music and dance
- 9. Narrative, strophic folk song usually sung by a solo voice with or without accompaniment, dealing with dramatic or tragic events
- 10. Composer and minstrel performer who was the first well-known African American songwriter
- 13. A widely used harmonic pattern consisting of 4 measures on the tonic, 2 measures on the subdominant, 2 measures on the tonic, 2 measures on the dominant and 2 measures on the tonic, used as a basis for improvisation
- 16. Vocal African American folk music that can be said to be the foundation of much of American popular music
- 17. Taking or using something without authority or right; in music, this typically involves the use of musical elements from an ethnic or cultural group outside one’s own
- 19. Song form in which multiple verses of text are set to the same music
- 22. A 19th-century African-American folk song with Biblical references, expressing sorrow and hope and combining African and European musical elements
- 23. Moving one musical style/form/element from one tradition to an unrelated one, adjusting it in the process
- 25. ______ show: 19th-century variety show featuring white (and later, black) performers in blackface makeup; in spite of their overt racism, these shows can be said to be the first nationwide popular culture phenomenon and provided professional opportunities for African American performers