Across
- 5. Song form in which multiple verses of text are set to the same music
- 7. The system of harmony based on the major and minor scales, in which harmonies move away from and then return to the tonic
- 9. ______ show: 19th-century variety show featuring white (and later, black) performers in blackface makeup; in spite of their overt racism, these shows can be said to be the first nationwide popular culture phenomenon and provided professional opportunities for African American performers
- 10. First New England School composer, whose New England Psalm Singer was the first entirely American-composed tunebook to be published.
- 14. The musical texture resulting of the simultaneous combination of two or more melodic lines
- 15. African American composer who helped to preserve spirituals through his solo and choral arrangements
- 17. Folklorists who recorded blues and folk musicians in the field for the Library of Congress archives, helping them achieve wide exposure
- 18. A highly influential blues singer who came to prominence partly as a result of recordings made by ethnographers John and Alan Lomax
- 24. Vocal African American folk music that can be said to be the foundation of much of American popular music
- 25. African American organist and composer whose compositions combine elements of the folk spiritual and secular popular music, known as the Father of Gospel
- 26. Female blues and jazz singer who was the most successful black performing artist of her time but alcoholism and the depression damaged her career; her duet with Louis Armstrong in "St. Louis Blues" is one of her most famous performances
- 27. The way in which the melodic, harmonic, and rhythmic elements of music are woven together
- 28. _______ song: 19th-century sentimental popular song, meant for middle-class amateur consumers; Stephen Foster’s “Beautiful Dreamer” is an example.
- 29. A type of performance in which the music is created as it is being performed
- 30. Composer and minstrel performer who was the first well-known African American songwriter
- 33. A highly influential blues singer, known as the link between the early Mississippi blues and the modern Chicago blues; legend has it he sold his soul to the devil in exchange for guitar skills
- 34. American religious music including both white and black types that emerged from the 19th century evangelical revival movements; the African American form combines religious expression with secular musical styles, and profoundly influenced later popular music, such as rhythm and blues and soul.
- 36. Native American intertribal gathering that allows participants to preserve important cultural practices, such as music and dance
- 37. The arrangement of time durations in music
- 40. The first book printed in British North America, printed in Cambridge in 1640 for use in psalm singing
- 41. African American pastor and composer whose hymns and songs became gospel standards
- 42. The way that music is disseminated from person to person
- 43. A membranophone unique to North America, used by several Native American groups
Down
- 1. _____ music, a term describing musics that are disseminated through media such as radio, records, TV, film or electronic files, subject to an aesthetic of innovation and mass appeal, and associated with the urban middle and lower classes
- 2. A 19th-century African-American folk song with Biblical references, expressing sorrow and hope and combining African and European musical elements
- 3. The simultaneous sounding of two or more pitches
- 4. Flute player and composer who revitalized the Navajo flute repertoire
- 6. The first and most important note of a scale, often indicated by the Roman numeral I
- 8. _____ music, a term describing musics that are traditional, primarily disseminated through oral transmission, and usually associated with a specific rural setting or ethnic group
- 11. _________ school: 18th-century practice in which a singing master would teach singing and note reading; it signals the beginning of professional musicianship and music education in the U.S.
- 12. A widely used harmonic pattern consisting of 4 measures on the tonic, 2 measures on the subdominant, 2 measures on the tonic, 2 measures on the dominant and 2 measures on the tonic, used as a basis for improvisation
- 13. The musical texture consisting of a melody combined with chords
- 16. Category used in the early 20th century by the recording industry for its blues, jazz and gospel records; it was replaced in 1949 by Rhythm and Blues.
- 19. African American choral group founded at Fisk University in Tennessee in 1871, important for introducing, popularizing, and preserving spirituals
- 20. Nonsense syllables used in various types of songs, such as Native American songs
- 21. _____ music, a term describing musics that emerged in European courts, disseminated through written notation, considered “high art” and usually associated with the upper class
- 22. 19th-century composer of popular songs who sought to raise the status of minstrel songs; he was the first American composer to live solely from his compositions.
- 23. Best-known gospel singer in the United States, who popularized Dorsey’s music and also became a supporter and spokesperson for the Civil Rights Movement
- 31. The musical texture consisting of a single melodic line
- 32. A practice in which a solo alternates with a chorus or ensemble; it is a feature of West African and African American musics
- 35. A social construct distinguishing one group of humans from another on the basis of shared cultural heritage, ancestry, language, history, and or culture; it has largely replaced the now outdated concept of race
- 38. A meaningful or memorable succession of pitches
- 39. Narrative, strophic folk song usually sung by a solo voice with or without accompaniment, dealing with dramatic or tragic events