Across
- 5. French Reformation leader who believed music should only be used to pray, and that even then it should be monophonic vocal music only
- 8. Learning ______: a component of learning theory that encompasses the ways in which students demonstrate whether learning has occurred
- 11. ______: learning that occurs outside an institutionalized setting, such as through occasional sessions with an expert musician
- 13. Greek mathematician who taught that mathematical relationships were the foundation of the study of music, and understanding them would help understand the harmony of the universe
- 15. Roman bishop whose Confessions examine the power and danger of music; he believed that while sacred music might distract from the message of the text, its beauty could move people closer to God
- 16. Second stage in Piaget’s model of cognitive development, from ages 2 to 7, in which children are able to transform stimuli to symbols, learn from events and note consequences
- 17. A key component of the Dalcroze method, kinesthetic reactions to music so that a student can respond through movement to internalize musical concepts
- 19. Educational __________: a set of voluntary guidelines that detail what students should know at each grade level in a particular subject
- 22. Greek philosopher who included music in the four branches of education, agreeing that music helped to develop the moral character of children, and thought music should also be used “for intellectual enjoyment in leisure”
- 23. The last step in Gagné’s theory of learning, it concerns the application of student learning to new tasks
- 26. First stage in Piaget’s model of cognitive development, from birth to age 2, in which learning happens through motor activity and direct sensory experience
- 28. An approach to music education that integrates performance, theory, history, and composition in every class or activity
- 29. Student-focused learning model in which the teacher facilitates an experience and students reconstruct principles by themselves
- 31. A component of learning theory that encompasses the events provided by a teacher
- 32. Emperor who required all clerics to learn the Roman chant, and choirboys to be taught Psalms, chant and notation as well as math and grammar
- 33. German Reformation leader who loved music and believed it was a “delightful, noble gift of God”, therefore it should be taught to children
- 36. A system that uses syllables as a mnemonic devices for indicating melodic intervals
- 37. Medieval theorist who developed systems to teach chant to the choirboys of the Schola Cantorum, such as notation through lines and spaces, solmization, and the Guidonian hand
- 38. Student learning ______: a component of learning theory that encompasses student attention, perception, memory, rehearsal, recognition, and recall
- 40. ______ hand: a visual aid to help with solmization and learning music
- 41. ________ operations: Fourth stage in Piaget’s model of cognitive development, from ages 11 to adult, in which children are capable of abstractions, logic and deductive reasoning
- 42. ______ music: a feature of West African cultures in which music is used to regulate and accompany repetitive and/or boring activities such as hammering, tilling, etc.
Down
- 1. American philosopher and education reformer who argued that arts should be a component of education for all
- 2. Greek philosopher who believed education was a key to creating better citizens and that music would discipline children’s minds and souls, while gymnastics would train the body
- 3. Russian social psychologist whose theory of socialization posits the adult (or an expert) as the primary influence on a student, whose verbal comments and facial expressions reinforce appropriate behaviors
- 4. British philosopher who thought music was too complicated and not useful, and that learning it was a waste of time for most people
- 6. A form of transmission in which music is passed down from person to person, without being written down
- 7. Roman theorist who thought that music could affect one’s character and mood, therefore music could either “ennoble” or “debase; he included music as one of the seven liberal arts
- 9. A type of performance in which the music is created as it is being performed; it’s a feature of many African and African American musics
- 10. French philosopher and music teacher who believed in the moral goodness of nature and thought that the purpose of education was to cultivate children’s natural sense of beauty; he advocated student-centered, active learning
- 12. __________ operations: Third stage in Piaget’s model of cognitive development, from ages 7 to 11, in which children are capable of classifying objects and discovering relationships between them
- 14. Skinner’s theory of ___________ posits that behaviors that are reinforced (such as with rewards) are likely to recur
- 18. Roman institution in which the choral singers initially learned chant through oral transmission, but in which other music teaching methods were developed, such as notation and solmization
- 20. Also known as the Hungarian method, a music learning system based on singing, hand signals for solfege, and mnemonics for rhythms
- 21. Named after the German composer who first developed it, a method of music education that uses singing and instruments like xylophones and metallophones to lead students to improvise and compose
- 24. Music ______: how music is perceived and processed by the brain
- 25. Swiss educational reformer who believed music was “one of the most effective aids of moral education”
- 27. ______: learning that happens naturally and without direct instruction, through the daily activities of a particular culture
- 30. Swiss biologist whose influential theory of cognitive development has 4 stages, including sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, and formal operations
- 34. Movement-based pedagogy created by a Swiss professor, based on eurhythmics, solfege and improvisation to raise the student’s musicality
- 35. Harvard psychologist whose theory of multiple intelligences posits that there are multiple pathways for a learner’s processing of the world: linguistic, musical, logical-mathematical, spatial, kinesthetic, interpersonal, naturalist, existential/spiritual
- 39. Japanese court music and dance, which was taught and performed through a system of guilds in which strict imitation of the teacher was expected