Across
- 3. The prestigious theater in Paris dedicated to tragic opera
- 5. The last, fast section of a scene in a bel canto opera
- 9. Gaetano ________: Italian composer, who wrote both serious and comic operas, among other works and represents the transition between Rossini and Verdi
- 10. The __________: a collection of shape-note hymns and spirituals published in 1844, which preserved this repertoire and represented an early example of music education in the U.S.
- 11. Classical ___________: a repertoire of musical “classics”—composers of the past, especially Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven—that emerged in the mid-19th century, deeply impacting the amount of music by living composers that was performed
- 12. __________ Schumann: German pianist, composer, and teacher, who championed her husband’s works as well as those of Brahms and others; she was one of the foremost pianists of the 19th century
- 14. Vincenzo __________: Italian opera composer, famous especially for his beautiful, highly embellished, intensely emotional melodies that influenced Chopin, Liszt, and Wagner among others
- 17. In politics and culture, an attempt to unify or represent a particular group of people by creating a national identity through shared characteristics such as language, culture, history, etc. In 19th c. music, composers expressed it by using elements in their works that represented their national identity
- 19. Gioachino: Italian violinist, singer, pianist and composer who through his innovations to the operatic genre became one of the most popular and influential composers of the early 18th c.
- 22. Italian: “Beautiful singing”; an Italian vocal style of the early 19th c. featuring lyrical, embellished and florid melodies that show off the beauty, agility and fluency of the singer’s voice
- 24. __________ Hensel: German composer, pianist, and salon hostess; one of the most prolific female composers of the 19th century and a champion of Bach, Beethoven, and her brother
- 26. Franz ___________: Hungarian virtuoso pianist, composer, and conductor, whose innovations in form, harmony, technique, and concert presentation made him a leader of the Romantic movement and the greatest piano virtuoso of his time
- 29. The art of combining the sounds of specific instruments in orchestral music
- 30. Pianist, organist, conductor and composer whose music combines Romantic expression with Classical forms, techniques; he was the leading German composer of the 1830s and 40s
- 31. Opera with spoken dialogue, whether comic or tragic; the theater in Paris where such operas were performed.
- 33. A short, lyrical, expressive character piece for piano; Chopin wrote many of these, a few of which have virtuosic elements
- 37. A tradition of group singing that arouse in 19th c. U.S., named after the notation used in song collections in which the shape of the noteheads indicates the solmization syllables, allowing for easy sight-reading
- 38. The middle section of a scene in a bel canto opera, after the cantabile, which changes tempo and represents a transitional process
- 39. Song form in which multiple verses of text are set to the same music
- 40. Wolfgang Amadé ___________: Child prodigy, keyboard virtuoso and composer, who is considered one of the greatest composers in the Western art tradition
- 41. When referring to a musical work, writing that is natural for a particular instrument and taking advantage of that instrument’s technical possibilities; for example, Chopin’s writing for the piano
- 43. A series of religious movements in 18th and 19th c. U.S., led by Evangelical Protestant ministers primarily in rural areas; music was an important part of these movements
- 44. Carl Maria von __________: German pianist, music critic, conductor and composer who through operas such as Der Freischütz was a key figure in the development of German Romantic opera
Down
- 1. ___________ music: instrumental music as an idealized play of sound and form, with no extra-musical connotations
- 2. Franz ___________: Austrian singer and composer who was the first great master of the Romantic Lied
- 4. A serious form of opera, popular in France during the Romantic era, that was sung throughout and included ballets, choruses and spectacular staging and a preference for themes of romantic love and history, so as to appear to the middle class
- 6. A folklike, religious song with a simple tune; both blacks and whites developed a tradition of these songs in the U.S. during the 19th c. The African-American versions are folk songs with Biblical references, expressing sorrow and hope and combining African and European musical elements
- 7. African American choral group founded at Fisk University in Tennessee in 1871, important for introducing, popularizing, and preserving spirituals
- 8. Fryderyk ___________: French-Polish composer and virtuoso pianist whose works represent the quintessential Romantic piano tradition and who reflected Polish nationalism in some of his works
- 13. ____________ music: instrumental music that recounts a narrative
- 14. Hector ____________: French composer, music critic, and conductor who reconceptualized the symphony as program music and was a leader of the Romantic radical wing
- 15. During the 19th c. evangelical revival movement in the U.S., an open air religious service lasting several days; these were the origin of black and white spirituals
- 16. 1830 uprising in Paris that resulted in reduced power for the French monarchy, which made the patronage for opera change towards the middle class
- 18. Giacomo___________: German pianist and composer whose operas like Robert le Diable and Les Huguenots became models of French Grand Opera and made him the most frequently performed opera composer of the 19th c.
- 20. A practice in which a solo alternates with a chorus or ensemble; it is a feature of African and African American musics
- 21. Song form in which each verse of text is set to different music
- 23. ___________ piece: A short piece, typically for piano, that depicts or suggests a mood, scene, or character
- 25. ___________ strophic: Song form in which multiple verses of text are set to music that is mostly the same, with minor variations
- 27. The slow section of a scene in a bel canto opera, following the recitative
- 28. German art song for voice and piano, in which composers sought a perfect union of poetry and music
- 32. 19th-century artistic and intellectual movement which focused on the ideas of individualism, self-expression, the emotional, irrational, and fantastic, the hero, and nature. As a musical period it starts in the 1820s as a distinction from the Classical canon
- 34. A type of musical theater featuring spoken word with background music
- 35. Ludwig van _____________: Virtuoso pianist, violinist and composer who represents the transition from Classical to Romantic style and is one of the most influential and admired composers of all time
- 36. Robert __________: German pianist, composer, and critic who composed in all the musical genres of his day and was an influential critic as well as a leading Romantic composer
- 42. Term coined by Berlioz for the theme, representing the hero’s beloved, that recurs throughout the Symphonie Fantastique