Across
- 1. A serious form of opera, popular in France during the Romantic era, that was sung throughout and included ballets, choruses and spectacular staging and a preference for themes of romantic love and history, so as to appeal to the middle class
- 8. ___________ strophic: Song form in which multiple verses of text are set to music that is mostly the same, with minor variations
- 9. Choral music sung without instrumental accompaniment. Originally used to refer to 16th-century polyphony, during the 19th c. new works were written in that style
- 10. Moravian violinist and teacher who broke ground as one of the few women to make a professional career in music in the 19th c.
- 12. Term coined by Berlioz for the theme, representing the hero’s beloved, that recurs throughout the Symphonie Fantastique
- 13. William Henry ______: composer, critic, and lecturer whose opera Leonora was the first opera by an American to be staged in the U.S; he is best known for promoting American music through a series of public music appreciation lectures.
- 14. The prestigious theater in Paris dedicated to tragic opera
- 15. Robert __________: German pianist, composer, and critic, founder of the Neue Zeitschrift für Musik, who was an influential critic as well as a leading Romantic composer
- 17. Vincenzo __________: Italian opera composer, famous especially for his beautiful, highly embellished, intensely emotional melodies that influenced Chopin, Liszt, and Wagner, among others
- 18. ___________ piece: A short piece, typically for piano, that depicts or suggests a mood, scene, or character
- 22. Opera with spoken dialogue, whether comic or tragic; the theater in Paris where such operas were performed.
- 23. Ludwig van _____________: Virtuoso pianist, violinist and composer who represents the transition from Classical to Romantic style and is one of the most influential and admired composers of all time
- 24. Soprano, known as the “Swedish Nightingale”, whose mid-19th century U.S. tour brought operatic repertoire to the masses
- 27. Franz ___________: Austrian singer and composer who was the first great master of the Romantic Lied
- 28. Song form in which multiple verses of text are set to the same music
- 29. Classical ___________: a repertoire of musical “classics”—composers of the past, especially Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven—that emerged in the mid-19th century, deeply impacting the amount of music by living composers that was performed
- 30. A type of musical theater featuring spoken word with background music
- 35. Gaetano ________: Italian composer, who wrote both serious and comic operas, among other works and represents the transition between Rossini and Verdi
- 39. The slow section of a scene in a bel canto opera, following the recitative
- 40. Stephen _________: composer of popular songs who sought to raise the status of minstrel songs; he was the first American composer to live solely from his compositions
- 42. The middle section of a scene in a bel canto opera, after the cantabile, which changes tempo and represents a transitional process
- 44. Singer and teacher, known as the “Black Swan”, who is considered the first African American concert singer
- 46. The art of combining the sounds of specific instruments in orchestral music
Down
- 2. ___________ music: instrumental music as an idealized play of sound and form, with no extra-musical connotations
- 3. Fryderyk ___________: French-Polish composer and virtuoso pianist whose works represent the quintessential Romantic piano tradition and who reflected Polish nationalism in some of his works
- 4. __________ Schumann: German pianist, composer, and teacher, who championed her husband’s works as well as those of Brahms and others; she was one of the foremost pianists of the 19th century
- 5. Pianist, organist, conductor and composer whose music combines Romantic expression with Classical forms, techniques; he was the leading German composer of the 1830s and 40s
- 6. Gioachino ____________: Italian violinist, singer, pianist and composer who through his innovations to the operatic genre became one of the most popular and influential composers of the early 19th c.
- 7. ________ show: 19th-century variety show featuring white (and later, black) performers in blackface makeup; in spite of their overt racism, these shows can be said to be the first nationwide popular culture phenomenon and provided professional opportunities for African American performers
- 11. Song form in which each verse of text is set to different music
- 13. __________ Hensel: German composer, pianist, and salon hostess; one of the most prolific female composers of the 19th century and a champion of Bach, Beethoven, and her brother
- 16. In politics and culture, an attempt to unify or represent a particular group of people by creating a national identity through shared characteristics such as language, culture, history, etc. In 19th c. music, composers expressed it by using elements in their works that represented their national identity
- 19. 19th-century artistic and intellectual movement which focused on the ideas of individualism, self-expression, the emotional, irrational, and fantastic, the hero, and nature. As a musical period it starts in the 1820s as a divergence from the Classical canon
- 20. Giacomo___________: German pianist and composer whose operas like Robert le Diable and Les Huguenots became models of French Grand Opera and made him the most frequently performed opera composer of the 19th c.
- 21. 1830 uprising in Paris that resulted in reduced power for the French monarchy, which made the patronage for opera change towards the middle class
- 25. The last, fast section of a scene in a bel canto opera
- 26. Wolfgang Amadé ___________: Child prodigy, keyboard virtuoso and composer, who is considered one of the greatest composers in the Western art tradition
- 31. The __________: a collection of shape-note hymns and spirituals published in 1844, which preserved this repertoire and represented an early example of music education in the U.S.
- 32. ____________ music: instrumental music that recounts a narrative
- 33. When referring to a musical work, writing that is natural for a particular instrument and taking advantage of that instrument’s technical possibilities; for example, Chopin’s writing for the piano
- 34. Italian: “Beautiful singing”; an Italian vocal style of the early 19th c. featuring lyrical, embellished and florid melodies that show off the beauty, agility and fluency of the singer’s voice
- 36. Hector ____________: French composer, music critic, and conductor who reconceptualized the symphony as program music and was a leader of the Romantic radical wing
- 37. Franz ___________: Hungarian virtuoso pianist, composer, and conductor, whose innovations in form, harmony, technique, and concert presentation made him a leader of the Romantic movement and the greatest piano virtuoso of his time
- 38. Carl Maria von __________: German pianist, music critic, conductor and composer who through operas such as Der Freischütz was a key figure in the development of German Romantic opera
- 41. A tradition of group singing that arose in 19th c. U.S., named after the notation used in song collections in which the shape of the noteheads indicates the solmization syllables, allowing for easy sight-reading.
- 43. Mikhail ________: Russian composer whose operas were the first to gain an international audience and established the Russian tradition
- 45. German art song for voice and piano, in which composers sought a perfect union of poetry and music