Across
- 2. A type of vocal enunciation intermediate between speech and song, used by Schoenberg in several works, most notably in Pierrot lunaire
- 4. Antonin ________: Bohemian violinist, organist and composer who first won international acclaim with his Slavonic Dances for four hands piano; his U.S. travels were reflected in his 9th symphony
- 5. Ralph _________: Composer, conductor, teacher and writer who was the most important English composer of his generation, writing in a national style inspired by folk song, hymns, and English composers like Tallis
- 8. A performance practice in which the music is created as it is being performed
- 9. A one-movement, orchestral, programatic work; Liszt and other composers of the so-called New German School composed many of these
- 12. Singer who, as leader of the Black Patti Troubadours, became the highest-paid African American performer of her day
- 14. A musical theme that represents a person, object, place, idea, etc. in a dramatic work, and recurs throughout the piece. It may be developed to follow the dramatic narrative
- 17. Richard _______: German composer, conductor, and writer whose operas embodied his ideal of the Gesamtkunstwerk; his innovations such as the use of leitmotifs, extreme chromaticism, and innovative stage effects made him extremely influential
- 18. An instrumental piece for band featuring a strong, marked beat, an uncomplicated style, and a series of strains
- 20. Nikolai _________: Russian composer, member of the Mighty Five, who is mostly known for his programmatic orchestra works on exotic or nationalist themes, like Scheherazade and Russian Easter Overture
- 22. Richard _______: German composer and conductor, best known for his tone poems, operas and Lieder; he dominated German musical life after the death of Brahms
- 25. Maurice _________: Pianist and composers whose piano and orchestral works display a distinctively French sensibility; some of his keyboard works are early examples of neoclassicism
- 28. Early 20th c. movement, originating in France, which blended elements of 17th and 18th c. music with modernist elements
- 31. ________ Period: the period stretching from roughly 1650 through 1850, during which tonality, based on harmonies built from the bass up, was the underlying basis of all works in Western art music
- 32. Leos _________: Leading 20th-c. Czech composer, famous primarily for his operas; his melodies and rhythms are based on the Czech language
- 33. Artistic movement originating in Italy that celebrates the machine age and advocated for music based on noise rather than on musical pitches
- 35. Gabriel _______: French pianist, organist, composer, and teacher, known as the master of French art song; he influenced many early 20th-c. composers
- 36. Isaac _________: Pianist and composer, leader of the Spanish nationalist school of composers, best known for virtuosic piano pieces like Iberia
- 38. _________ Talking Machine Company: American record company and phonograph manufacturer, founded in 1901
- 39. Manuel _________: Composer and pianist, influenced by French impressionism and neoclassicism, who was the central figure of 20th-c. Spanish music
- 40. A vocal African-American folk music which influenced most of the popular music of the 20th century
- 42. _________ music: purely instrumental music, without words, a program, or other extra-musical references. Proponents of this type of music, like Brahms and Hanslick, felt that music should be understood and appreciated on its own terms, as opposed to Wagner and his followers
- 44. A “catchy” or otherwise memorable musical phrase or pattern, particularly in popular song
- 46. Amy _________: Pianist and composer who was the first American woman to succeed as composer of large scale art music, such as the Gaelic Symphony
- 47. _____________ refers to music that either has no tonal center, or is not governed by the rules of tonality. The two most common types are serial atonality (which is based on the 12-tone row) and non-serial atonality (which is based on pitch class sets).
- 49. Group of composers, centered around Boston, mostly trained in Germany, who were the first professors of music in conservatories and universities
- 51. Spanish genre of musical theater with spoken dialogue, influenced by Italian opera buffa
- 52. Gustav _________: British trombonist, composer, and teacher, best known for his rediscovery and use of English folk songs and church music to teach, and his orchestral work The Planets
- 53. A movement in Italian literature and opera, parallel to realism; the term is particularly applied to Puccini’s operas
- 55. Giuseppe _______: Pianist, organist and composer who is considered the greatest Italian musical dramatist; his operas are performed more often than any other composer’s
- 56. An early 20th-century, composed piano music featuring consistent syncopation of the melody against a steady duple meter
- 57. Erik _________: French pianist and composer who was aligned with the surrealist and dadaist movements in art; his challenges to the classical tradition deeply influenced the French and American avant-garde
- 58. Serge _________: Pianist, composer and conductor who was the leading piano virtuoso of his day and the last representative of Russian late Romanticism
Down
- 1. Edvard ________: Norwegian composer, pianist, and conductor, known primarily for his incidental music to Ibsen’s Peer Gynt; he was recognized as the foremost Scandinavian composer of his generation
- 3. Giacomo _______: Composer who explored both realism and exoticism in his operas, such as La Bohème and Madama Butterfly; he was the most successful Italian opera composer after Verdi
- 4. Claude _________: French composer and critic who was heavily influenced by Asian music, impressionism, and symbolism among others; his harmonic innovations were profoundly influential
- 6. Georges _______: French composer, most famous for his opera Carmen, whose mixture of exoticism and realism made it controversial at the time but became one of the most popular operas of all time
- 7. Jean _________: Violinist and composer known primarily for his symphonic poems and symphonies, who was Finland’s leading composer
- 10. Modest _______: Russian composer, member of the so-called “Mighty Five”, famous primarily for his operas; he was ahead of his time in the use of whole tone scales and polyrhythms, and influenced impressionist and modernist composers who came after him
- 11. Bedřich ________: Bohemian pianist, composer, conductor, teacher and music critic, recognized as the “father” of Czech national music
- 13. Early 20th-century artistic movement, developed by German and Austrian artists, featuring intensely expressive works that seek to convey the anxiety and extreme psychological pressure of modern urban life
- 15. The evocation of a place, people or social milieu that is (or is perceived or imagined to be) profoundly different from accepted local norms; in music, this is achieved through the use of musical features typical of, or considered appropriate to, the exotic locale or group
- 16. Theodore ________: German-born violinist and conductor who shaped American concert life in the late 19th c.
- 19. Artistic movement that seeks to overthrow accepted aesthetics, challenge tradition, and radically reconsider the purpose and materials of art
- 21. A 19th-century African-American folk song with Biblical references, expressing sorrow and hope and combining African and European musical elements; thanks to their preservation in classical arrangements, they are one of the largest surviving bodies of American folk song
- 23. Sir Arthur _________: English composer and conductor, known mostly for his operettas, particularly his collaborations with librettist Sir William Gilbert
- 24. Henry Thacker ________: Composer, singer and editor whose vocal and choral arrangements of spirituals helped to preserve them; he was one of the first African American composers to get recognition
- 26. Musics that are accessible to the majority of people because of their familiarity; including folk and popular musics
- 27. Aleksandr _________: Russian composer and pianist known primarily for his piano sonatas, who moved beyond tonality without being atonal; his works reflect his interest in mystical philosophy
- 29. Edward _________: Pianist, composer, and first professor of music at Columbia University, who was the best-known American composer of his time both at home and abroad
- 30. Piotr I. _______: Most prominent Russian composer of the 19th c., known primarily for his ballets and other orchestral music; he sought to reconcile nationalist and internationalist tendencies
- 34. A technique in which a theme is developed and/or varied continuously throughout the piece, generating most of the musical ideas. Although it was used by many composers, it is typical especially of Brahms and Schoenberg
- 37. Arnold _________: Viennese-born violinist, painter, composer and teacher who developed the twelve-tone method; he was one of the most influential composers of the 20th c.
- 41. 20th-century artistic movement that rejected many aspects of traditional art and favored experimentalism and abstraction
- 43. Term coined by Wagner to describe what he saw as the perfect union of all the arts, the collective or complete artwork
- 45. Anton _______: Austrian organist and composer, famous for absorbing Wagnerian style into his symphonic music, and influenced by medieval and Renaissance composers in his choral music
- 46. Johannes _______: He was the leading German composer of his time; in his music he combined the influence of composers from the past from Bach to Beethoven as well as innovations from his own time. One of his most characteristic techniques is the pervasive use of developing variation
- 48. Scott _________: Pianist and composer whose works, such as "Maple Leaf Rag," defined ragtime
- 50. Gustav _________: Composer and conductor who was the leading Austro-German composer of symphonies after Brahms and Bruckner; his orchestral works often feature voice
- 54. A family of musical genres of African-American origin, featuring improvisation, a flexible approach to rhythm known as swing, and blues harmonic and melodic elements