Across
- 2. _________ nationalism: The ideology that nation, state, and people are one and the same and that individual citizens owe allegiance to the nation-state
- 3. Austrian composer, conductor and violinist, known as the “king of the waltz”, who also wrote several successful operettas, the most famous being Die Fledermaus
- 5. _________ chord: The chromatic, tonally ambiguous chord that begins the prelude of Wagner’s opera of the same name. It revolutionized chromatic harmonic practice of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
- 6. Cesar ________: French organist, composer and teacher whose works combine Baroque and Classical elements with the influence of Wagner and Liszt; he was one of the leading figures of French musical life in the late 19th c.
- 10. Term applied to 19th and early-20th c. Romantic French art song
- 11. Johannes ________: He was the leading German composer of his time; in his music he combined the influence of composers from the past from Bach to Beethoven as well as innovations from his own time. One of his most characteristic techniques is the pervasive use of developing variation
- 15. Giuseppe ________: Pianist, organist and composer who is considered the greatest Italian musical dramatist; his operas are performed more often than any other composer’s
- 16. A type of light opera with spoken dialogue, usually based on comedy and romance, which was meant as entertainment; the works of Gilbert and Sullivan fall in this category
- 17. A one-movement, orchestral, programatic work; Liszt and other composers of the so-called New German School composed many of these
- 22. The evocation of a place, people or social milieu that is (or is perceived or imagined to be) profoundly different from accepted local norms; in music, this is achieved through the use of musical features typical of, or considered appropriate to, the exotic locale or group
- 23. Georges ________: French composer, most famous for his opera Carmen, whose mixture of exoticism and realism made it controversial at the time but became one of the most popular operas of all time
- 27. German composer and conductor, best known for his tone poems, operas and Lieder; he dominated German musical life after the death of Brahms
- 28. Spanish genre of musical theater with spoken dialogue, influenced by Italian opera buffa
- 29. A movement in Italian literature and opera, parallel to realism; the term is particularly applied to Puccini’s operas
- 30. Hugo ________: Austrian composer, known primarily for adapting Wagner’s methods to the German Lied
- 31. A technique in which a theme is developed and/or varied continuously throughout the piece, generating most of the musical ideas. Although it was used by many composers, it is typical especially of Brahms
- 32. _________ nationalism: The continual process of constructing a national identity, particularly through the arts
- 35. Modest ________: Russian composer, member of the so-called “Mighty Five”, famous primarily for his operas; he was ahead of his time in the use of whole tone scales and polyrhythms, and influenced impressionist and modernist composers who came after him
- 36. Term coined by Wagner to describe what he saw as the perfect union of all the arts, the collective or complete artwork
Down
- 1. Rhythmic pattern of Cuban origin featured in many Spanish and exoticist works, notably in Bizet’s Carmen
- 2. Giacomo ________: Composer who explored both realism and exoticism in his operas, such as La Bohème and Madama Butterfly; he was the most successful Italian opera composer after Verdi
- 4. Singer who, as leader of the Black Patti Troubadours, became the highest-paid African American performer of her day
- 7. Term coined by music critic Franz Brendel to refer to composers such as Wagner, Liszt, Berlioz, and others who believed that music should be linked to other arts, in opposition to proponents of absolute music
- 8. A field of study that emerged in the late 19th c., which investigates music and its historical and cultural dimensions. When it originated, most scholars were German, which led the field to focus on German-speaking composers and music
- 9. Gabriel ________: French pianist, organist, composer, and teacher, known as the master of French art song; he influenced many early 20th-c. composers
- 12. A musical theme that represents a person, object, place, idea, etc. in a dramatic work, and recurs throughout the piece. It may be developed to follow the dramatic narrative
- 13. German composer, conductor, and writer whose operas embodied his ideal of the Gesamtkunstwerk; his innovations such as the use of leitmotifs, extreme chromaticism, and innovative stage effects made him extremely influential
- 14. Francisco Asenjo ________: Spanish composer, musicologist, and conductor who redefined the zarzuela genre by infusing it with Spanish folk elements
- 18. ________ Period: the period stretching from roughly 1650 through 1850, during which tonality, based on harmonies built from the bass up, was the underlying basis of all works in Western art music
- 19. A trend in literature, art, and music of the late 19th c which seeks to depict ordinary people in real-life situations, even if they might be brutal or sordid
- 20. Group of 19th c. Russian composers who incorporated elements of Russian folk music in their works; they influenced composers in the late 19th and early 20th c.
- 21. Anton ________: Austrian organist and composer, famous for absorbing Wagnerian style into his symphonic music, and influenced by medieval and Renaissance composers in his choral music
- 24. Piotr Il’yich ________: Most prominent Russian composer of the 19th c., known primarily for his ballets and other orchestral music; he sought to reconcile nationalist and internationalist tendencies
- 25. Sir Arthur _________: English composer and conductor, known mostly for his operettas, particularly his collaborations with librettist Sir William Gilbert
- 26. Location of Wagner’s opera theater and festival
- 33. ________ Opera: a genre that emerged in France in the late 19th c., which combines elements of opera-comique and Grand Opera; usually a romantic drama or fantasy, with emphasis on clear and expressive melodies; Gounod’s Faust is one
- 34. _________ music: purely instrumental music, without words, a program, or other extra-musical references. Proponents of this type of music, like Brahms and Hanslick, felt that music should be understood and appreciated on its own terms, as opposed to Wagner and his followers