Across
- 2. A small five-stringed guitar, which is an essential component of trios huastecos and jarocho ensembles
- 6. Tall, membranophone drum, with a membrane typically made of jaguar skin; the Mexicas and Mayas considered it to be sacred and is still in use in many religious ceremonies, like the concheros dance
- 8. A Mexican cowboy, particularly from Western Mexico; their typical suit is worn by mariachi ensembles
- 9. _________ murals: fresco paintings found inside a temple in his Mayan city, depicting a ceremony including musicians and musical instruments which provide information about music in the Mayan world
- 11. A rapid movement of the dancer’s feet against a raised wooden platform, producing a percussive accompaniment to the music; an important feature of Mexican folk dance
- 17. The simultaneous sounding of two or more pitches
- 20. The way that music is disseminated from person to person
- 24. Danza del __________: Oldest and most distinctive ritual dance of the Yaquis, depicting the hunt of a deer. The dancer carries aiyam and wears tenábaris on his legs and rihhutiam around his waist; he is accompanied by hirukiam and ba kubahe as well as singing
- 26. Capital of the Mexica empire, founded in Central Mexico in 1325; after Cortés conquered it in 1521, the Spanish founded Mexico City on its ruins
- 27. Word describing a type of son typical of the Huasteca region, and a type of son accompaniment pattern executed rasgueado on instruments of the guitar family; Also known as son huasteco, it features sesquialtera rhythms, falsetto singing, and two singers who alternate coplas with a violinist who improvises fast phrases between sets of coplas
- 28. (1910-1926) The period during which Porfirio Díaz was overthrown and multiple leaders, many of them from the Northern states, vied for power in Mexico
- 30. Language spoken by the ancient Mexicas, as well as by many modern indigenous groups of central and southern Mexico
- 31. Spanish folk dance in triple meter, accompanied by guitar, introduced in Spain in the 17th century, danced by couples who perform footwork while playing castanets. The dance was often described as “provocative”
- 32. Small four-string guitar, used in son jarocho ensembles
- 35. A practice in which a solo alternates with a chorus or ensemble; it is a feature of African and African diaspora musics
- 36. A social construct distinguishing one group of humans from another on the basis of shared cultural heritage, ancestry, language, history, and or culture; it has largely replaced the now outdated concept of race
- 38. The period (1876-1911) during which Mexico was ruled by Porfirio Díaz
- 39. Mexican intellectual who coined the term “raza cósmica” to describe what he saw as the superiority of the mixed-race peoples of Latin America
- 42. ______ or teneboim: idiophone leg rattles, made from cocoons of the giant silk moth that are dried, filled with seeds, and strung together. Originally used by the Yaquis in their deer dances and pascolas, now used also during Concheros dances in other parts of Mexico
- 43. President of Mexico who in the 1930s institutionalized the Mexican Revolutionary reforms, including the nationalization of the oil and mining industries
- 45. a term describing the ethnic and cultural mixing that occurred in Spanish America during colonial times
- 47. The process during which an individual or group adapts or borrows traits from another culture; it acknowledges negotiation and the merging of cultures, in contrast with the now outdated concept of assimilation which assumed the original culture was lost
- 48. the glorification of indigenous traditions and heritage; it constitutes a primary element of Mexican Revolutionary Nationalism
- 49. _______ or Yoeme people, indigenous group of Northwestern Mexico and Arizona; their ritual dances include the Danza del Venado, the Pascola, and the Matachines
- 51. Guitarra ___________, also known as quinta: a deep-bodied guitar with eight strings, which is an essential component of trios huastecos
- 52. Penitential dance depicting indigenous converts on a religious pilgrimage, still performed by many indigenous and Mestizos throughout Mexico, typically for saint days and especially for the Virgin of Guadalupe; the dancers carry ayacachtlis and wear tenábaris and are accompanied by huéhuetl
- 54. Missionary who evangelized the region of Northern New Spain known as the Pimería (now Sonora and Southern Arizona)
- 57. Son ________: song and dance from the region south of the port of Veracruz, featuring some Afro-Caribbean elements like interlocking polyrhythms played by jarana, requinto and harp
- 62. Refrain or chorus; the part of a text, set to music, which repeats both text and music. Usually alternates with coplas
- 63. Mexican artist whose murals exemplify the tenets of Revolutionary Nationalism
- 65. Traditional ritual dance of Northern Mexico, in which the Pahko (Old Man of the Fiesta) acts as host, dancing with rihhutiam and koyolim around his waist, tenebaris on his legs and carries senasom. He is accompanied by violin, harp, flute and drum. The dance originated with the Yaqui but is also performed by other indigenous groups of what was Northern New Spain
- 68. The system of harmony based on the major and minor scales, in which harmonies move away from and then return to the tonic
- 69. A villancico depicting the music, song and dance of black people
- 70. Verse or stanza; the part of a text, set to music, which changes text over repeated music.
- 71. Petition ceremonial dance of the Tarahumaras, in which a dancer holds a gourd rattle
- 74. High-pitched range produced by most adult male singers through an artificial technique whereby the vocal chords vibrate only in part; it is a characteristic element of huapango singing
- 75. Lamellophone of Afro-Caribbean origin, used in son jarocho
Down
- 1. Spanish folk dance in triple meter, accompanied by guitar and castanets. In southern Mexico, in the Huasteca and Jarocho regions, the same word is used to describe a communal celebration during which sones are danced on a tarima
- 3. A large six-string bass guitar with a curved arched back; a main instrument of mariachi and other Mexican folk musics
- 4. A meaningful or memorable succession of pitches
- 5. A Mexican mestizo son that appeared in Mexico around the mid-18th century, denounced by the Inquisition as “indecent, lewd, disgraceful, and provocative.” In spite of the ban, it became associated with the Independence fight, and later became Mexico’s national dance
- 7. _____ music, a term describing musics that are traditional, primarily disseminated through oral transmission, and usually associated with a specific rural setting or ethnic group
- 10. Seven-time president of Mexico who pursued the modernization of Mexico through foreign investment
- 12. Mexican dancer and choreographer who founded the Ballet Folklorico de Mexico
- 13. Grupo _________: Jarocho ensemble founded in 1977 by Gilberto Gutierrez Silva, credited with revitalizing the son jarocho and fandango tradition
- 14. Los __________: Trío huasteco founded in Ciudad Valles, San Luis Potosí, in 1974, considered one of the signature representatives of son huasteco
- 15. A characteristic rhythmic feature of both Spanish and Mexican mestizo music, which consists of the rapid alternation between triple and duple units, creating uneven accents
- 16. Person in charge of the musical activities of a cathedral, including the hiring and training of musicians and choir boys, and the composition of works for liturgical performance
- 18. Fray Bernardino de _______: Spanish missionary who, in the years immediately after the Conquest of Tenochtitlán, collected the history and customs of the Mexicas into a bilingual Spanish-Náhuatl book now known as the Florentine Codex
- 19. Mexican singer who became the most prolific and influential composer of canción ranchera
- 21. Name that the Aztecs took after settling in Tenochtitlán; from this name the modern name of Mexico is derived
- 22. The way in which the melodic, harmonic, and rhythmic elements of music are woven together
- 23. A Catholic hymn of praise, introduced in the 18th century by Franciscan missionaries, especially in the missions of Northern Nueva España; they are still in use in many rural churches in Mexico and the SW U.S.
- 25. Musical tradition originating in Western Mexico, especially the state of Jalisco, with an ensemble typically consisting of trumpet, violin, vihuela, guitar, guitarrón and sometimes harp
- 29. Canción _____, term referring to Mexican folk and folk-derived songs with simple chordal accompaniment and an operatic vocal style; it is a main element of both mariachi and conjunto repertoire
- 33. Spanish missionary who founded the first school of music in Nueva España in 1523, to use music as part of the conversion of the indigenous peoples of Mexico
- 34. Spanish vernacular musical and poetic form consisting of several coplas framed by a refrain. They typically had sacred themes and were sung in feast days, and are still sung today throughout the Spanish-speaking world, primarily during Christmas
- 37. Spanish explorer who discovered and then conquered the Aztec city of Tenochtitlán (Mexico City)
- 40. Catholic priest and a leader of the Mexican Independence struggle, famous for issuing the “Grito” that sparked the initial revolt
- 41. _____ de Tecalitlán, Most iconic mariachi ensemble, founded in 1898 by Gaspar Vargas and still active today
- 44. _____Nationalism, an ideology applied to much Mexican art after the Revolution, including the tenets that art should have a social function, and the glorification of indigenous heritage
- 45. A person of mixed Spanish and Indian heritage; by the early twentieth century they constituted the majority of the Mexican population
- 46. _______ or Rarámuri people, indigenous group of central and Southern Chihuahua, who until the 20th century underwent very little acculturation; their ritual dances include the yúmari, pascola and matachines
- 50. Ballet _____, term since the 1950s for dance groups that merge theatrical elements of classical ballet with Mexican folk dances
- 53. Antonio López de _____, general and President of Mexico who lost or sold over half of Mexico’s territory between 1836 and 1853
- 55. _____ music, a term describing musics that are disseminated through media such as radio, records, TV, film or electronic files, subject to an aesthetic of innovation and mass appeal, and associated with the urban middle and lower classes
- 56. La ________: Region of east-central Mexico along the Gulf Coast, incl. Southern Tamaulipas, Northern Veracruz, and parts of Puebla, Hidalgo, San Luis Potosí and Querétaro; a distinctive musical culture emerged there focusing on the huapango
- 58. ________ de Papantla: Ritual petition dance from the Totonacas of the Huasteca region, in which a dancer plays flute and drum on top of a tall pillar while four dancers tied to the pillar with ropes “fly” downwards towards the ground
- 59. Juan Gutierrez de Composer who was maestro de capilla in the Puebla cathedral in the 17th century, known primarily for his sacred polychoral works and his villancicos
- 60. Ideophone drum made by carving a log, with an H-shaped cutout in the top which produces two different pitches when struck with a stick; the Mexicas and Mayas considered it to be sacred and is still in use in many religious ceremonies
- 61. Indigenous devotional dance of Northern Mexico, dedicated to the Virgin Mary. The dancers, aligned in three rows, perform a dance resembling a contradance to the accompaniment of violin and guitar. Each dancer holds aiyam painted red, which is shaken at specific points in the dance, and they wear headdresses with streamers and mirrors. Although it originated among the Yaquis, it is performed by other indigenous groups of what was Northern New Spain
- 64. The arrangement of time durations in music
- 66. A generic term for Mexican folk music, typically danced, with regional variations
- 67. A small five-string instrument with a curved arched back; a main instrument of mariachi ensembles
- 72. The first and most important note of a scale, often indicated by the Roman numeral I
- 73. Indigenous people of southern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador and Honduras; they had one of the greatest civilizations of the pre-Columbian era. They built several large cities such as Copán, Tikal, Uxmal and Bonampak, used a glyphic writing system and had achievements in astronomy and mathematics