Muscle Tissue

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Across
  1. 2. striated muscle found in the heart; joined to one another at intercalated discs and under the regulation of pacemaker cells, which contract as one unit to pump blood through the circulatory system. Cardiac muscle is under involuntary control.
  2. 3. plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle fiber
  3. 5. product of glycolysis that can be used in aerobic respiration or converted to lactic acid
  4. 7. action of myosin pulling actin inward (toward the M line)
  5. 9. intermediate muscle fiber that is between slow oxidative and fast glycolytic fibers
  6. 10. muscle fiber that primarily uses anaerobic glycolysis
  7. 12. modification of contraction strength
  8. 13. synapse between the axon terminal of a motor neuron and the section of the membrane of a muscle fiber with receptors for the acetylcholine released by the terminal
  9. 15. connective tissue that bundles skeletal muscle fibers into fascicles within a skeletal muscle
  10. 18. stem cell that helps to repair muscle cells
  11. 20. cytoplasm of a muscle cell
  12. 22. enlargement of neurons that release neurotransmitters into synaptic clefts
  13. 23. production of ATP in the presence of oxygen
  14. 25. sarcoplasmic structure that attaches to the sarcolemma and shortens the muscle as thin filaments slide past thick filaments
  15. 26. muscle-forming stem cell
  16. 27. regulatory protein that covers myosin-binding sites to prevent actin from binding to myosin
  17. 28. regulatory protein that binds to actin, tropomyosin, and calcium
  18. 29. neurotransmitter that binds at a motor end-plate to trigger depolarization
  19. 33. relaxation of smooth muscle tissue after being stretched
  20. 35. bundle of muscle fibers within a skeletal muscle
  21. 36. low levels of muscle contraction that occur when a muscle is not producing movement
  22. 41. age-related muscle atrophy
  23. 43. fusion of many myoblast cells
  24. 44. addition of structural proteins to muscle fibers
  25. 47. muscle contraction that shortens the muscle to move a load
  26. 50. loose, and well-hydrated connective tissue covering each muscle fiber in a skeletal muscle
  27. 52. protein that makes up most of the thin myofilaments in a sarcomere muscle fiber
  28. 55. enzyme that hydrolyzes ATP to ADP
  29. 59. single contraction produced by one action potential
  30. 63. striated, multinucleated muscle that requires signaling from the nervous system to trigger contraction; most skeletal muscles are referred to as voluntary muscles that move bones and produce movement
  31. 64. phosphagen used to store energy from ATP and transfer it to muscle
  32. 65. force generated by the contraction of the muscle; tension generated during isotonic contractions and isometric contractions
  33. 68. heart’s ability to control its own contractions
  34. 72. ability to undergo neural stimulation
  35. 73. space between a nerve (axon) terminal and a motor end-plate
  36. 74. increase in the number of motor units involved in contraction
  37. 75. product of anaerobic glycolysis
  38. 76. ability to stretch and rebound
  39. 77. formation of blood capillary networks
  40. 78. muscle contraction that lengthens the muscle as the tension is diminished
  41. 79. outer layer of connective tissue around a skeletal muscle
  42. 80. abnormally high muscle tone
  43. 81. part of the sarcolemma that connects cardiac tissue, and contains gap junctions and desmosomes
Down
  1. 1. addition of successive neural stimuli to produce greater contraction
  2. 4. instrument used to measure twitch tension
  3. 6. twitch contraction phase when tension increases
  4. 8. abnormally low muscle tone caused by the absence of low-level contractions
  5. 11. stem cell that regenerates smooth muscle cells
  6. 14. process in which one cell splits to produce new cells
  7. 16. sequence of events from motor neuron signaling to a skeletal muscle fiber to contraction of the fiber’s sarcomeres
  8. 17. anaerobic breakdown of glucose to ATP
  9. 19. the time when a twitch does not produce contraction
  10. 21. loss of structural proteins from muscle fibers
  11. 24. projection of the sarcolemma into the interior of the cell
  12. 30. to reduce the voltage difference between the inside and outside of a cell’s plasma membrane (the sarcolemma for a muscle fiber), making the inside less negative than at rest
  13. 31. muscle contraction that involves changes in muscle length
  14. 32. smooth muscle found in the walls of visceral organs
  15. 34. membrane proteins that open sodium channels in response to a sufficient voltage change, and initiate and transmit the action potential as Na+ enters through the channel
  16. 36. sarcolemma of muscle fiber at the neuromuscular junction, with receptors for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
  17. 37. ability to shorten (contract) forcibly
  18. 38. long, cylindrical organelle that runs parallel within the muscle fiber and contains the sarcomeres
  19. 39. motor neuron and the group of muscle fibers it innervates
  20. 40. protein that makes up most of the thick cylindrical myofilament within a sarcomere muscle fiber
  21. 42. thin strands of actin and its troponin-tropomyosin complex projecting from the Z-discs toward the center of the sarcomere
  22. 45. subset of a cross-bridge in which actin and myosin remain locked together
  23. 46. specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum, which stores, releases, and retrieves Ca++
  24. 48. amount of oxygen needed to compensate for ATP produced without oxygen during muscle contraction
  25. 49. a continuous fused contraction
  26. 51. signaling chemical released by nerve terminals that bind to and activate receptors on target cells
  27. 53. broad, tendon-like sheet of connective tissue that attaches a skeletal muscle to another skeletal muscle or to a bone
  28. 54. muscle contraction that occurs with no change in muscle length
  29. 56. nonstriated, mononucleated muscle in the skin that is associated with hair follicles; assists in moving materials in the walls of internal organs, blood vessels, and internal passageways
  30. 57. regulatory protein that facilitates contraction in smooth muscles
  31. 58. stepwise increase in contraction tension
  32. 60. cell structure that anchors the ends of cardiac muscle fibers to allow contraction to occur
  33. 61. change in voltage of a cell membrane in response to a stimulus that results in transmission of an electrical signal; unique to neurons and muscle fibers
  34. 62. ability to lengthen (extend)
  35. 66. the thick myosin strands and their multiple heads projecting from the center of the sarcomere toward, but not all to way to, the Z-discs
  36. 67. blocks of paraxial mesoderm cells
  37. 69. the grouping of one T-tubule and two terminal cisternae
  38. 70. longitudinally, repeating functional unit of skeletal muscle, with all of the contractile and associated proteins involved in contraction
  39. 71. replacement of muscle fibers by scar tissue