Across
- 1. A vent or opening in the Earth's crust through which molten rock, ash, and gases erupt onto the surface during volcanic activity, forming lava flows, ash clouds, and volcanic cones, and posing hazards such as ashfall, pyroclastic flows, and lahars.
- 3. A series of large ocean waves triggered by underwater earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or landslides, which can travel long distances across the ocean and crash onto coastal areas with destructive force, causing flooding, damage, and loss of life.
- 5. The downward movement of rock, soil, and debris on a slope or hillside, often triggered by heavy rainfall, earthquakes, or volcanic activity, and characterized by sudden or gradual movement that can damage property, infrastructure, and transportation routes.
- 7. A severe weather event characterized by the formation of large hailstones, or balls of ice, falling from thunderstorm clouds and causing damage to crops, vehicles, buildings, and windows, as well as posing risks to outdoor activities and personal safety.
- 9. A prolonged period of excessively hot weather with high temperatures and humidity levels, often occurring during summer months and leading to heat-related illnesses, dehydration, power outages, and stress on infrastructure, especially in urban areas.
- 11. A large and uncontrolled fire that spreads rapidly across vegetation, forests, or grasslands due to dry conditions, high winds, lightning strikes, or human activity, consuming everything in its path and causing extensive damage to ecosystems, wildlife, and property.
- 12. An overflow of water onto land that is usually dry, caused by heavy rainfall, melting snow, storm surges, or dam failure, leading to inundation of low-lying areas, rivers, or urban areas, and resulting in property damage, displacement, and loss of life.
- 13. A sudden and violent shaking of the ground caused by the movement of tectonic plates beneath the Earth's surface, resulting in seismic waves that can cause destruction, landslides, and tsunamis, and occur along fault lines or plate boundaries.
- 14. A prolonged period of abnormally low precipitation, resulting in water scarcity, reduced soil moisture, and dry conditions that can affect agriculture, ecosystems, and communities, leading to crop failures, water shortages, and economic hardship.
- 15. A severe snowstorm characterized by strong winds, blowing snow, and reduced visibility, typically lasting for an extended period and resulting in snowdrifts, road closures, and dangerous travel conditions, posing risks to life, safety, and transportation.
Down
- 2. A rapid and large mass of snow, ice, and debris that slides down a mountainside or slope due to gravity, triggered by factors such as snowfall, temperature changes, or human activity, and posing a significant hazard to skiers, climbers, and communities in mountainous regions.
- 4. A powerful and rotating storm system characterized by strong winds, heavy rain, and thunderstorms, forming over warm ocean waters and moving inland with destructive force, causing flooding, storm surges, and widespread damage to buildings, infrastructure, and communities.
- 6. A weather phenomenon characterized by the formation of cumulonimbus clouds, lightning, thunder, and precipitation such as rain, hail, or snow, often accompanied by strong winds, gusts, and atmospheric instability, resulting in localized storms and weather hazards.
- 8. A depression or hole in the ground caused by the collapse of underlying bedrock, soil, or sediment, often triggered by erosion, groundwater depletion, or human activities such as mining or construction, and posing hazards to infrastructure and property.
- 10. A rapidly rotating column of air extending from a thunderstorm to the ground, characterized by a funnel-shaped cloud and strong winds that can reach speeds of over 200 miles per hour, causing damage, destruction, and devastation along its path.