Across
- 3. data Anything that gives us objective, value-free information about something
- 6. An explication or model based on observation, experimentation, and reasoning, especially one that has been teated and confirmed as a general principle helping to explain and predict natural phenomena
- 12. fallacies A logical fallacy is an idea or assertion that uses flawed reasoning to arrive at its conclusion. Fallacies may occur by accident, or be used by people deliberately to persuade others of the dubious truth of what they are saying.
- 15. Someone who sees reason as the main source of knowledge
- 17. worship/ scientism Science is the only way we can make sense of reality and discover the truth
- 19. An imaginative hypothesis
- 20. Based on, concerned with, or verifable by observation or experience rather than theory or pure logic; someone who sees experience as the main source of knowledge
- 22. The speech act of answering an attack on your assertions
- 24. An observation that some how seems to contradict a generally accepted theory
- 25. A claim, belief or practice which is falsely presented as scientific, but does not adhere to valid scientific method, lacks supporting scientific evidence or plausibility, cannot be reliably tested, or otherwise lacks scientific status.
- 27. empiricism A philosphy asserting the primacy of observation in assessing the truth of statements of fact holding that metaphysical and subjective arguments not based on observable data are meaningless. Also called logical positivism.
- 29. Logic is formal reasoning, or reasoning that follows strict rules.
- 31. The causation of a phenomenon is what directly makes it occur. This is in distinct contrast to correlation, in which two phenomena are linked only by a third factor, or by accident
Down
- 1. Able to be repeated by others to confirm results/ objectivity
- 2. General to specific. Based on reason and logical analysis of available facts
- 4. A test under controlled conditions made to demonstrate a known truth, to examine the validity of a hypothesis, or to determine the efficacy of something previously untried.
- 5. Selectivity or relevance/ expectations which can influence what we see / the correct use of scientific equipment/ the act of observing can sometimes affect the observation
- 7. Measure relevant variables to add precision and objectivity.
- 8. data Anything that gives us subjective information that may involve values and opinions about something.
- 9. A worldwide view underlying the theories and methodology of a particular scientific subject
- 10. shifts A term coined by Thomas Kuhn, who said that instead of our scientific knowledge progressing in a linear, passive fashion, new ideas occur violently, and completely revolutionize (or shift) our view of the world (our paradigm)
- 11. The idea that "scientists", in attempting to uncover truths about the natural world, must aspire to eliminate personal biases, a priori commitments, emotional involvement, etc.
- 12. A statement that describes an invariable relationship among phenomena under a specified set of conditions. Since laws are based on a limited number of observations, absolute certainty can never be achieved
- 13. method The scientific method is what defines an investigation as truly scientific more than the subject matter of the investigation. It involves several strict stages, all of which must be followed to arrive at a demonstrable conclusion
- 14. To disprove: any evidence that helps to establish the falsity of something
- 16. observation In the human and natural sciences, naturalist observation relies on the investigator remaining removed from the subject matter, so as not to influence it in any way
- 18. Subjective elements in science include observation, hypotheses, and laws
- 19. A controlled experiment is one in which a experimental group is compared to a control group that varies only in the factor being tested
- 21. The occurrence and development of events by chance; an accidental discovery or event that leads to a positive benefit for the person to whom it occurs
- 23. Unlike causation, correlation suggests that two events or phenomena are linked only because they both share a third factor, or simply because they have happened at the same or similar time.
- 26. Particular to general. The scientific method is inductive
- 28. A supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation; a proposition made as basis for reasoning, without any assumption of its truth
- 30. of simplicity / Occam's Razor When two competing theories that make exactly the same predictions, but the simpler theory is to be preferred