Neuroanatomy

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Across
  1. 1. Humans have three of these stalks of connection to transmit information in and out of the cerebellum via the brainstem.
  2. 3. This brain structure is involved in memory formation, particularly short-to-long term processing.
  3. 8. These make up the white matter tracts of the spinal cord, carrying axons either away from the cortical regions (afferent, or sensory) or towards the cortical regions (efferent, or motor)
  4. 10. A deep indentation within the superficial cortical tissue. The “Central” one separates the frontal from the parietal lobe, while the “Lateral” or “Sylvian” one separates the Temporal lobe from the frontal/parietal lobes.
  5. 12. This artery arises from the Basilar Artery and supplies the anterior portion of the cerebellum as well as portions of the brainstem.
  6. 13. One of four major divisions of the nervous system, this area is home to both cortical and subcortical regions
  7. 14. Like a Dolphin’s Fin, this neuroanatomic term is synonymous with posterior when in the spine, proximal when in the limbs, and superior when in the head.
  8. 17. One of these projects from the spinal at both the dorsal (sensory) horn and ventral (Motor) horn, and then they connect to become a single Spinal Nerve prior to branching again to become Rami.
  9. 19. This column of spinal cord carries sensory information toward the brain.
  10. 23. This autonomic structure is made up of a collection of ganglia that are aligned on both sides of the spinal cord
  11. 24. With three peduncle connections to the three parts of the brainstem, this integral structure of the CNS coordinates and fine tunes all motor movements of the body, and is also considered part of the Metencephalon.
  12. 26. This artery is formed by the union of the two vertebral arteries AFTER they have given off the branches of the PICA and the spinal arteries.
  13. 28. This artery arises more from the Basilary Artery, and supplies the occipital lobe, temporal lobe, midbrain, and hippocampus. As a result, strokes to this area will often result in vision loss on one side of the visual field, terms “Homonymous hemianopsia”, memory loss and difficulty creating new memories, and object and spatial recognition.
  14. 31. Structures in this region are not part of the lobes of the brain but are also not considered part of the brainstem. Diencephalon, internal capsule, and Basal Nuclei are anatomical structures considered to be this.
  15. 32. This layer of Meninges is latin for “Tough Mother”, which accurately describes it’s strong nature. It is the most superficial layer, and gaps in this form the Sinuses of the brain.
  16. 33. This ventricle is between the brainstem and cerebellum, and moving further caudally, CSF is able to move around the Central Canal.
  17. 36. This lobe is highly involved in our memories, as well as recognition of objects and sounds, and receives blood flow mainly from the MCA and PCA. Damage to this area causes memory loss or difficulty making new memories, and inability to recognize objects or sounds, among others.
  18. 37. You have 8 nerve roots from this spinal region, but when referring to vertebrae you only have 7. This results in nerve root 7 projecting superiorly to the 7th vertebrae and 8 projecting inferiorly to the 7th vertebrae in this spinal region.
  19. 43. This region of the brain includes the Thalamus and all structures with “Thalamus” in their names. It is between the Cortex and the Brainstem.
  20. 45. A raised, rounded section of superficial cortical tissue.
  21. 46. These 4 reservoirs for CSF are deep within the brain and brainstem, and serve to create CSF as well as store and circulate it.
  22. 48. This artery arises more from the internal carotid artery, and is the most artery occluded by a stroke. It has 3-4 divisions that will influence what structures are impacted by a stroke to this artery. Strokes to this distribution will most commonly result in weakness more in the arm and face than the leg, but with severe enough strokes it is common to see full hemiplegia.
  23. 50. This area of brainstem is home to cranial nerves responsible for facial sensation and chewing (5 and 7), among others.
  24. 51. The Division of the ANS responsible for increasing HR, BP, RR, and the actions of fight or flight.
  25. 53. This developmental region of the brain is synonymous with the most caudal segment of the brainstem.
  26. 54. These PNS structures carry both sensory and motor fibers, and include a ventral and dorsal branch
  27. 58. This layer of meninges is means “Weblike”, which relates to his weblike orientation with CSF flowing all around it.
  28. 59. This artery courses along the medial portion of the superficial cortex, supplying the most anterior portions of the frontal lobe and the most superior portions of the parietal lobe. Strokes to this area typically cause changes in personality and behavior, as well as hemiparesis, typically with the leg more affected than the arm or face.
  29. 60. This column of spinal cord carries mainly just Motor information from the brain to muscles.
  30. 63. This developmental region of the brain includes the Pons of the brainstem as well as the Cerebellum.
  31. 64. These deep branches of the Middle Cerebral Artery supply subcortical structures, including the basal ganglia.
  32. 66. This column of spinal cord carries both sensory and motor information to/from the brain.
  33. 67. Moving in this neuroanatomic direction is similar to “Superior” when in the spine, but if you are on all fours like a dog with your head upright, this direction is towards your nose and mouth.
  34. 69. Divided into autonomic and somatic, this division of the nervous system carries messages from the CNS to target organs.
  35. 73. Sometimes considered nuclei or ganglia, This term literally means “Bottom Layer or Base”. Anatomically, it includes only the nuclei of the caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus. However, if describing its functional role within the motor system, it also includes the Subthalamus of the diencephalon and the Substantia Nigra of the Midbrain.
  36. 76. This stalk of connections makes up the anterior portion of the midbrain, and transmits information to the Thalamus on it’s way to higher cortical centers for integration
  37. 79. This large canal is filled with CSF that surrounds the spinal cord.
  38. 81. Both sides of this artery make up the beginning of the anterior supply of blood to the brain.
  39. 82. This lobe of the brain is most responsible for producing movement and the area for our highest cognitive functioning, and receives blood flow from the ACA and MCA. Damage to this lobe causes personality and behavior changes and hemiparesis, among others.
  40. 86. This area of brainstem is home to the regulatory center for autonomic functions of breathing and heartrate
  41. 87. The “Gateway to the Cerebral Cortex”, this brain structure has over 50 distinct nuclei that receive, process, and relay (almost) all sensory information entering the cortical regions.
  42. 89. This sheath separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum.
  43. 91. This network of cells lines the ventricles and central canal and serves to make CSF.
  44. 92. This small artery branches off of the ICA to supply subcortical structures, particularly the Putamen, optic tract and radiations, and the posterior branch of the Internal Capsule
  45. 93. Involved in the initiation and suppression of movement within the motor system.
  46. 94. This nucleus is formed by the combination of the Putamen and Globus Pallidus, both of which make up the Basal Ganglia. This nucleus is also notable anatomically, as the Internal Capsule separates it from the Thalamus.
Down
  1. 1. A medical provider may refer to any of the six lobes as being classified as this.
  2. 2. This grey matter area within the Spinal Cord is home to sensory neuron cell bodies that receive and process information from the body at each dermatomal level before sending it up the spinal cord toward higher cortical structures for further processing.
  3. 4. This structure is part of the Striatum, alongside the Caudate and the Nucleus Accumbens
  4. 5. The Division of the ANS responsible for decreasing HR, BP, RR, and resting and digesting, to help the body recover.
  5. 6. Accumbens This brain structure is integral in our feeling of positive emotions and seeking rewards.
  6. 7. This structure of the diencephalon is also considered a functional part of the Basal Ganglia.
  7. 9. The command center of the body, enabling communication between the brain/spinal cord and all organs of the body through electrical impulses.
  8. 11. This gray matter area within the spinal cord is home to motor neuron cell bodies including lower motor neurons, that initiate muscle contractions to respective motor units at each myotomal level.
  9. 15. The division of the peripheral nervous system responsible for conscious sensations and motor production.
  10. 16. This collection of neurons outside the CNS is home to the cell bodies that carry sensory information from the body towards the brain.
  11. 18. This ventricle sits in a midline slit between both sides of the diencephalon, which is home to the each thalamus.
  12. 20. Everything housed within the skull and vertebral column is consider this. It is also surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid as a cushion and protection against infections.
  13. 21. This Glial Cell is responsible for bridging the blood-brain barrier gap from blood vessels to CNS neurons, among other functions.
  14. 22. Both sides of this artery make up the beginning of the posterior supply of blood to the brain, travelling within the transverse foramen of the transverse processes of the vertebrae.
  15. 25. This lobe is found deep within the lateral sulcus and has close relationships with the temporal lobe, parietal lobe, and limbic system, as it is involved in assigning emotional value to sensory input such as pain, smells, or sounds, helping us to react to these sensations appropriately.
  16. 27. This specific foramen allows the passage of CSF from the Lateral Ventricles to the 3rd Ventricle, and passes by the anterior poles of both Thalamus’s.
  17. 29. This unique cortex is not isolated to one particular lobe, but includes all the areas involved in integrating multiple sensory inputs and making sense of them. The highest functioning of this cortex is sometimes consider synonymous with “Cognition”.
  18. 30. This surrounds the brain and spinal cord, providing protection from physical trauma as a cushion, as well as protection from infection by separating the CNS structures from the regular blood stream. It is made by Plexuses in the ventricles, carries plasma and nutrients, and is filtered out by the arachnoid granulations into the Sinuses of the brain.
  19. 34. Sometimes considered synonymous with the Cortex, this neurodevelopmental division of the brain includes all the lobes.
  20. 35. Serving as the connection between the cortical areas and the spinal cord, this region has three distinct structures which are involved in reflexes and arousal, regulate those functions most necessary for survival such as heart rate and breathing, and serve as the projection site of the cranial nerves.
  21. 38. This lobe is consider home for the major sensory processing of the CNS, and receives most of it’s blood flow from the MCA, and the ACA for it’s medial portion. Damage to this area causes sensory and perceptual loss, among others.
  22. 39. This developmental region of the brain is synonymous with the most rostral segment of the brainstem.
  23. 40. This artery arises from the Basilar Artery and supplies the most superior portion of the brainstem and cerebellum
  24. 41. Receiving blood supply from the Basilar Artery and both Internal Carotid Arteries, this looped vascular structure is the primary blood supply for all cerebral regions.
  25. 42. This brain structure is integral in our feeling of emotions, particularly threat detection and fear.
  26. 44. This gray matter area within the spinal cord is home to neuron cell bodies involved in sympathetic autonomic functions from T1-L2
  27. 47. This small artery branches off the PCA to supply the Thalamus
  28. 49. The most rostral portion of brainstem, this area is home to the cranial nerves most responsible for eye movements (3 and 4) and has the Optic Tracts wrap around it, on their way to the Visual Cortex in the Occipital Lobe.
  29. 52. This hollow opening allows the passage of CSF from the Third Ventricle to the Fourth Ventricle, and which is located between the Brainstem and Cerebellum.
  30. 55. This term describes all the nerve fibers emerging from a particular spinal cord segment that innervate muscles.
  31. 56. This depression in the cortical region separates the parietal lobe from the frontal lobe, which also separates the primary sensory cortex from the primary motor cortex.
  32. 57. This artery arises from the vertebral artery and supplies the lower parts of the brainstem and cerebellum.
  33. 61. Part of the Basal Ganglia, this structure wraps around in a “C” shape around the Thalamus. It attaches to the Putamen on one end and the Amygdala on the other.
  34. 62. This term refers to an opening in anatomy that allows the passage of some structure or fluid between it. An example includes the “transverse _____” that allows passage of the vertebral arteries between them.
  35. 65. A white matter subcortical structure carrying fibers to/from the Cortical brain areas.
  36. 68. This lobe is home to the visual cortex, and receives blood flow from the PCA. Damage to this area causes honymous hemianopsia, or loss of one side of the visual field, among others.
  37. 70. A web-like network of interlacing nerves, which can refer to CNS or PNS structures. The primary ones in our PNS are the cervical, brachial, and lumbosacral, and an example of one in the CNS is the Choroid.
  38. 71. These are made up of three layers and line the brain and spinal cord, with CSF circulating between the Pia Mater and the Arachnoid Mater layers.
  39. 72. “Striped” in appearance due to its gray and white matter, this structure is a combination of the Caudate, Putamen, and Nucleus Accumbens
  40. 74. This section within the central canal is made up of Nerve Roots that have frayed off from the spinal cord.
  41. 75. Latin for “Tail”, this neuroanatomic direction is the same as “Inferior” when in the spine, but refers to the posterior side of the arms, legs, and head. The best way to remember this term is to picture a human on all fours like a dog with a tail.
  42. 77. The spinal cord “proper” stops at the 1st vertebral segment of this spinal region, and nerve roots fray out caudally in what is called Cauda Equina towards their respective myotomal and dermatomal levels.
  43. 78. A collection of neurons within the CNS that processes specific information together as a unit.
  44. 80. This can be considered a Lobe or a Cortex, but this distinction changes what structures would be considered a part of it. It is anatomically also known as the “Cingulate Gyrus”. Yet when considered as a “Cortex”, it also includes several other nearby structures such as the Amgydala and Hippocampus, and serves the function of processing our memories and emotions and integrating them with higher cortical functions.
  45. 83. This layer of meninges is the closest to the brain, so much so that is it not visible apart from the brain.
  46. 84. The division of the PNS that regulates heart rate, blood pressure, and other unconscious functions.
  47. 85. A collection of neurons within the PNS. Specific examples include the Dorsal Root and autonomic types.
  48. 88. Synonymous with “Anterior” when in the spine, this neuroanatomic term is synonymous with “Distal” when referring to arms or legs, like a dog on all fours.
  49. 90. In the brain, this term refers to a reservoir of venous blood that drains out deoxygenated blood after it has oxygenated the brain tissue. Each one eventually leads to the internal jugular vein, which leads to the right atrium of the heart to be re-oxygenated by the lungs. Additionally, CSF is filtered by Arachnoid Granulations into these reservoirs, to remove waste and contaminants from the CSF.