nonvascular plants

6. A clade of seedless vascular plants including ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns.
7. A broad leaf with multiple, branching veins; characteristic of most modern vascular plants (e.g., ferns, seed plants).
13. “Tough polymer that strengthens plant cell walls”
14. “Having only one type of spore in the life cycle”
16. “Its waxy composition in seedless plants was key to reducing water loss on land.”
17. “If water is present, it releases swimming gametes to fertilize eggs.”

1. “In mosses, the earliest growth from a germinating spore takes this filamentous form.”
2. A small, narrow leaf with a single, unbranched vein, found in club mosses and related plants.
3. “Clustered structures on the underside of fronds that fling spores into the air.”
4. “A living fossil with silica in its stem; once tree-sized in Carboniferous swamps.”
5. “The vascular channel that moves sugars from leaves to roots.”
8. “Tiny asexual propagules seen in liverwort cups.”
9. “Nonvascular land plant, such as moss or liverwort”
10. “A ring of cells that contracts to snap open a fern sporangium.”
11. “These controlled openings close to limit evaporation yet open for CO₂ uptake.”
12. An extinct genus of the earliest-known vascular plants, characterized by leafless stems and sporangia at branch tips.
15. “An underground stem that can sprout new growth nodes; found in many ferns.”