Across
- 1. emotional Christian songs created by enslaved people in the South that mixed African and European elements and usually expressed the religious beliefs and experiences of enslaved people
- 3. an increase in population that occurs when the number of births is greater than the number of deaths
- 5. the sale, exchange, and forced migration of enslaved people within the United States
- 7. Delaware, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania when they were part of colonial America before the founding of the United States
- 9. an 1839 revolt of African captives aboard a Spanish slave ship that led to court cases in the United States and eventual freedom for the captives
- 11. the transportation of captured Africans across the Atlantic Ocean by slave traders, primarily to islands in the Caribbean and to North and South America
- 16. a belief that White people are superior to and should be able to control people of other races
- 17. Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia when they were part of colonial North America before the founding of the United States
- 19. an enslaved blacksmith and leader of a major, but unsuccessful, slave revolt in Richmond, Virginia, in 1800
- 20. a group of animals, prisoners, or enslaved people chained together in a line
- 21. Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island when they were part of colonial America before the founding of the United States; today New England includes Maine and Vermont
- 22. a phrase used to describe the political and economic importance of cotton production in the United States in the years leading up to the Civil War
- 23. a historical term for islands in the Caribbean that were formerly under British control, including the Bahamas, Saint Lucia, Antigua, Grenada, Jamaica, Barbados, and Trinidad
Down
- 2. laws passed in the colonies to control enslaved people
- 4. an idea that suggests any one racial group is inferior or superior to another racial group
- 6. any measure or custom that produces or reinforces inequities between racial groups; also known as systemic racism, structural racism or institutional racism
- 8. a large farm usually specializing in a single crop
- 10. a ship used to transport slaves
- 12. a system in which enslaved people are considered property that can be bought, sold, given, or inherited, and are denied all rights and legal authority over themselves and their children
- 13. the forced migration of approximately 1 million enslaved people from states in the Upper to the Lower South; another term for the domestic slave trade
- 14. the transatlantic trip from West Africa to the Americas endured by captured Africans aboard slavers
- 15. workers who accepted free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years, usually four to seven years
- 18. men hired by enslavers to oversee and direct the work of enslaved people on plantations