Across
- 2. The small core of tissue located at the center of tree stems, branches and twigs.
- 4. Lumber is cut from a log radially to the rings or parallel to the rays, producing “_________” lumber in hardwoods and “edge-grained” or “vertical grained” lumber in softwoods.
- 8. A glued wood panel made up of relatively thin layers of veneer with the grain of adjacent layers at right angles or of veneer in combination with a core of lumber or of reconstituted wood. The usual constructions have an odd number of layers.
- 9. Generally, one of the botanical groups of trees that have no vessels and in most cases have needle like or scale like leaves, the conifers, also the wood produced by such trees.
- 10. Having a strong tendency to repel water.
- 11. It is weight per unit volume.
- 12. A distortion of a board in which there is a deviation flatwise from a straight line across the width of the board.
- 13. The mechanical or chemical disintegration and discoloration of the surface of wood caused by exposure to light, the action of dust and sand carried by winds, and the alternate shrinking and swelling of the surface fibers with the continual variation in moisture content brought by changes in the weather.
- 16. It is the ability to resist decay/ length of life under a given condition
- 22. The decomposition of wood substance by fungi
- 24. The carbohydrate that is the principal constituent of wood and forms the framework of the wood cells.
- 27. Wood has also other cells, known as longitudinal or axial __________ cells that function mainly for the storage of food.
- 29. The second most abundant constituent of wood, located principally in the secondary wall and the middle lamella, which is the thin cementing layer between wood cells. Chemically, it is an irregular polymer of substituted propylphenol groups, and thus, no simple chemical formula can be written for it.
- 30. A low wood or metal platform on which material can be stacked to facilitate mechanical handling, moving, and storage.
- 31. A chamber having controlled airflow, temperature, and relative humidity for drying lumber. The temperature is increased as drying progresses, and the relative humidity is decreased.
- 32. is often used synonymously with grain, but usually it refers to the finer structure of wood rather than to annual rings.
- 34. Lumber that is standard 114 mm (nominal 5in.) or more in least dimension. Timbers may be used as beams, stringers, posts, caps, sills, girders, or purlins.
- 35. A property of wood that enables it to resist indentation.
- 37. A separation along the grain, the greater part of which occurs between the rings of annual growth. Usually considered to have occurred in the standing tree or during felling.
- 38. A distortion caused by the turning or winding of the edges of a board so that the four comers of any face are no longer in the same plane.
- 41. It is a kind of rough lumber cut tangent to the annual rings of wood running the full length of the log and containing at least one flat surface
- 42. It is composed mostly of hollow, elongate, spindle-shaped cells that are arranged parallel to each other along the trunk of a tree.
- 43. A pre-treatment process in which incisions, slits, or perforations are made in the wood surface to increase penetration of preservative treatments. ________ is often required to enhance durability of some difficult to treat species, but _________ reduces strength.
- 45. is often used in reference to annual rings
- 46. A lengthwise separation of the wood that usually extends across the rings of annual growth and commonly results from stresses set up in wood during seasoning.
Down
- 1. The term used when the pith falls entirely within the four faces of a piece of wood anywhere in its length.
- 2. Any substance that, for a reasonable length of time, is effective in preventing the development and action of wood rotting fungi, borers of various kinds, and harmful insects that deteriorate wood.
- 3. It is a piece of lumber less than 1 ½ “ thick and at least 4 inches wide.
- 5. Any variation from a true or plane surface. Warp includes bow, crook, cup, and twist, or any combination thereof.
- 6. The dimensions of lumber after being surfaced with a planning machine. It is usually 1/2 to 3/4 in. less than the nominal or rough size.
- 7. Having a strong tendency to bind or absorb water.
- 14. Lumber that is dressed by running it through a planer.
- 15. Rings The age of a tree at the stump or the age of any cross section of the trunk may be determined by counting these rings.
- 17. It is the ability to resist applied stress.
- 18. A quality of wood that permits the material to absorb a relatively large amount of energy, to withstand repeated shocks, and to undergo considerable deformation before breaking.
- 19. The distortion of lumber in which there is a deviation, in a direction perpendicular to the edge, from a straight line from end to end of the piece.
- 20. The wood extending from the pith to the sapwood, the cells of which no longer participate in the life processes of the tree.
- 21. Wood changes in dimension, It ________ when losing moisture from the cell walls.
- 23. An instrument for measuring the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere. It has both a dry bulb and wet bulb thermometer.
- 25. It is a wide piece of lumber from 2 to 5 inches thick.
- 26. A product made by bonding together two or more layers (lamination's) of material or materials.
- 28. Lumber is cut from a log Tangent to the annual rings, producing “________” lumber in hardwoods and “flat-grained” or “slash grained” lumber in softwoods
- 29. It is the term applied to wood after it was sawed or sliced into boards, planks, sticks, etc. for commercial purposes.
- 33. It is located between the bark and the heartwood. The ______ contains both living and dead cells and functions primarily in the storage of food and the mechanical transport of water
- 36. Removing moisture from green wood to improve its serviceability.
- 37. It is defined as unit deformation or movement per unit of original length.
- 39. It is a piece of lumber five inches or larger in its smallest dimension.
- 40. A discoloration in wood that may be caused by such diverse agencies as microorganisms, metal, or chemicals.
- 42. It is another important consideration because heavy woods are generally stronger than light woods.
- 44. A general term for the anatomical units of plant tissue, including wood fibers, vessel members, and other elements of diverse structure and function.