Across
- 1. A 1911 Supreme Court decision that directed the breakup of the Standard Oil Company into smaller companies because its overwhelming market dominance and monopoly power violated antitrust laws.
- 3. A 1906 antitrust law that empowered the federal Interstate Commerce COmmission to set railroad shipment rates wherever it believed that railroads were unfairly colluding to set prices.
- 5. A 1902 law, supported by President Theodore Roosevelt, that allowed the federal government to sell public lands to raise money for irrigation projects that expanded agriculture on arid lands.
- 7. York A 1905 Supreme Court ruling that New York State could not limit bakers’ workday to ten hours because that violated barkers’ rights to make individual contracts. This example of legal formalism did not take into account the unequal power of employers and individual workers.
- 10. A policy promoted by Republican governor Robert La Follette of Wisconsin for greater government intervention in the economy, with reliance on experts, particularly progressive economists, for policy recommendations.
- 11. An 1892 statement by the Populists calling for public ownership of transportation and communication networks, protection of land from monopoly and foreign ownership, looser monetary policy, and a federal income tax on the rich.
- 12. An 1898 Supreme Court ruling that allowed states to impose poll taxes and literacy tests. By 1908, every southern state had adopted such measures to suppress voting by African Americans and some poor whites.
- 13. A policy of loosening the money supply by expanding federal coinage to include silver as well as gold, to encourage borrowing and stimulate industry. Democrats advocated the measure, most famously in the 1896 presidential campaign, but Republicans won and retained the gold standard.
Down
- 1. Landmark 1890 act that forbade anti-competitive business activities, requiring the federal government to investigate trusts and any companies operating in violation of the act.
- 2. A reform organization that worked (unsuccessfully) to win a federal law banning child labor. The NCLC hired photographer Lewis Hine to record brutal conditions in mines and mills where thousands of children worked.
- 4. Progressive Era public payments to mothers who did not have help from a male breadwinner. Recipients had to meet standards of “respectability” defined by middle-class home visitors, reflecting a broader impulse to protect women but hold them to different standards than men.
- 6. A 1908 Supreme Court case that upheld an Oregon law limiting women’s workday to ten hours, based on the need to protect women’s health for motherhood. Muller established a groundwork for states to protect workers but divided women’s rights activists, some of whom saw it as discriminatory.
- 8. Also known as the Federal Election Bill of 1890, a bill proposing that whenever one hundred citizens in any district appealed for intervention, a bipartisan federal board could investigate and seat the rightful winner. The defeat of the bill was a blow to those seeking to defend African American voting rights and to ensure full participation in politics.
- 9. Theodore Roosevelt’s 1904 campaign platform, calling for regulation of corporations and protection of consumers and the environment.