Across
- 2. was a prominent industrialist and railroad magnate, consolidating numerous railroads and contributing to the expansion of the transportation network in the United States.
- 9. a Southern Democrat and Vice President, ran as a pro-slavery candidate in the 1860 presidential election, contributing to the fracture of the Democratic Party and the eventual election of Abraham Lincoln.
- 11. led a raid on Harper's Ferry in 1859 and heightened tensions between pro-slavery people and anti-slavery people. Considered to be a cause of the Civil War.
- 13. a political cartoonist, played a crucial role in exposing corruption in the political machine of Tammany Hall and contributing to the downfall of "Boss" Tweed.
- 15. is infamous for his defeat at the Battle of Little Bighorn in 1876, where he and his troops were overwhelmed by Sioux and Cheyenne warriors.
- 16. challenge to segregation laws in the 1896 case Plessy v. Ferguson led to the "separate but equal" doctrine, sanctioning racial segregation for decades until its reversal in Brown v. Board of Education in 1954.
Down
- 1. dominated the oil industry, creating the Standard Oil Company and became one of the wealthiest individuals in American history.
- 3. 26th President of the United States, was a reformist leader who championed progressive policies, trust-busting, conservation, and consumer protection, leaving a lasting impact on American politics.
- 4. the 16th President of the United States, led the nation through the Civil War, preserved the Union, and issued the Emancipation Proclamation.
- 5. Lincoln's successor, faced the challenges of Reconstruction after the Civil War, and was first president to be impeached
- 6. an enslaved man, became a central figure in the pre-Civil War legal battles, as the Supreme Court's decision in the Dred Scott v. Sandford case of 1857 denied him freedom and deepened sectional divisions.
- 7. a photojournalist and social reformer, documented the living conditions of the urban poor in his work "How the Other Half Lives," contributing to efforts for social reform and improved housing conditions.
- 8. played a major role in the growth of the American steel industry and later dedicated much of his wealth to charitable causes.
- 10. through his novel "The Jungle," exposed the unsanitary and exploitative conditions in the American meatpacking industry, prompting significant reforms in food safety regulations.
- 12. was a prominent Lakota leader who played a key role in the Native American resistance against the U.S. government, particularly in the Battle of Little Bighorn.
- 14. was a notorious political figure who led Tammany Hall in New York City, symbolizing corruption in urban politics during the Gilded Age.