Photosynthesis

2. cells Specialized epidermal cells that regulate the size of stomata depending on environmental conditions.
4. A process that transforms light energy into chemical energy — meaning the potential energy found in electrons that participate in covalent bonds, usually in sugars or other carbohydrates.
6. I A complex of molecular machines that receive low-energy electrons at the end of the electron transport chain, use the energy in sunlight to excite those electrons to a high-energy state, and pass them on to electron carriers that either feed the electron transport chain or an enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of NADP+ to NADPH.
7. cycle A series of reactions that results in carbon from CO2 being “fixed,” or reduced, and used to synthesize sugars.
8. II A complex of molecular machines that acquire electrons by oxidizing water, use the energy in sunlight to excite those electrons to a high-energy state, and pass them on to an electron carrier that feeds the electron transport chain, leading to ATP production by ATP synthase.

1. The primary photosynthetic pigment in land plants and most algae.
3. The enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of CO2 and its incorporation into sugars.
4. A molecule that absorbs specific wavelengths of light.
5. Openings in stems and leaves that allow gas exchange via diffusion along their concentration gradients — most importantly, CO2 to enter and O2 to leave.