Across
- 4. Enzyme that synthesizes ATP using a proton gradient.
- 6. Protein–pigment complex in thylakoid membranes that absorbs light energy.
- 8. Gain of electrons in a chemical reaction.
- 11. Immediate energy currency of the cell.
- 12. Organelle in plant cells where light-dependent and light-independent reactions of photosynthesis occur.
- 15. Anaerobic pathway that regenerates NAD⁺ when oxygen is absent.
- 18. Series of membrane proteins that transfer electrons to power ATP formation.
- 19. A six-carbon sugar that stores chemical energy produced by photosynthesis.
- 20. GRADIENT Difference in hydrogen ion concentration that drives ATP production.
Down
- 1. Organelle that carries out aerobic cellular respiration and produces most ATP.
- 2. High-energy electron carrier produced in the light reactions and used in the Calvin cycle.
- 3. Stage of respiration in the mitochondrial matrix that releases CO₂ and loads electron carriers.
- 5. Loss of electrons during a chemical reaction, important in energy transfer.
- 7. Lower-energy molecule formed when ATP releases energy.
- 9. Innermost space of the mitochondrion where the Krebs cycle occurs.
- 10. First stage of cellular respiration that splits glucose in the cytoplasm without requiring oxygen.
- 13. Gas released during photosynthesis and required for aerobic respiration.
- 14. Light‑independent cycle that uses CO₂, ATP, and NADPH to build sugars.
- 16. A negativelyvely charged particle transferred along carrier molecules in redox reactions.
- 17. Flattened membrane sacs inside chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll and host the light reactions.