Across
- 6. theory in physics based on the fact that particles of matter are in vigorous motion and that the temperature of a substance increases with an increase in either the average kinetic energy of the particles or the average potential energy of separation of the particles, or in both, when heat is added
- 8. a subatomic particle of about the same mass as a proton but without an electric charge, present in all atomic nuclei except those of ordinary hydrogen.
- 12. as a result of their interaction, rearrangement of atoms of substances resulting in new substances; change in color or odor are hints that a chemical reaction has occurred; also chemical reaction
- 14. net release of energy
- 16. matter with no definite volume or shape
- 18. a substance made by mixing other substances together.
- 21. a chemical substance that contains only one kind of atom and that cannot be broken down into simpler substances
- 22. a measure of how hot or cold something is; a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles of a substance
- 24. the basic unit of a chemical element.
- 25. change to the structure of the nucleus of an atom during a nuclear reaction; a nuclear change gives off radiation and generally changes one element to another
- 26. a gaslike state of matter consisting of positively charged ions, free electrons, and neutral particles; found in stars, the sun, solar wind, lightning, and fire; unlike gases, plasmas are good conductors of electrical currents
- 27. a homogeneous mixture
- 29. a force of attraction that one atom or group of atoms has for another atom or group of atoms; this force keeps the two atoms or groups together under some circumstances
- 33. change to a substance that does not alter its chemical composition; examples of physical changes to substances include freezing water and dissolving salt in water
- 35. matter with definite volume but no definite shape
- 36. a measure of the disorder of a system as the system tends toward equilibrium; in a closed system, potential energy of the system will decrease over time (as potential energy decreases, entropy increases)
- 37. the phase change of a substance from the solid state directly to the gaseous state; for example, dry ice, moth balls, or solid air freshener
Down
- 1. substance in which all samples of the substance have fixed composition and properties; elements and compounds are pure substances (e.g., water is a compound, and silver is an element)
- 2. the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a substance 1°C; the greater the specific heat, the greater the heat it takes to raise a substance´s temperature; also specific heat capacity
- 3. having uniform composition throughout
- 4. SI-derived unit to measure energy, work, and quantity of heat; for work, a joule is the amount of work done by a force of 1 N acting through 1 m; also newton-meter
- 5. matter with definite volume and definite shape
- 7. heat; energy transferred due to temperature differential that becomes associated with potential energy and kinetic energy on a molecular level
- 9. the process by which water vapor changes from gas to liquid
- 10. anything that occupies space and has mass
- 11. physical form of matter, such as solid, liquid, and gas; a distinct state of matter in a system; matter that is identical in chemical composition and physical state, and is separated from other material by the phase boundary; for example, the reaction occurs in the liquid phase of the system
- 13. a form of energy transferred (by way of conduction, convection, or radiation) by virtue of a difference in temperature; heat is energy in transit; heat is energy flow, measured in energy units
- 15. substance composed of two or more elements that are chemically bonded in a definite, fixed ratio by mass
- 17. the process by which water changes to water vapor
- 19. in physics, the study of the nature of heat and its conversion or relationship to other energy forms
- 20. having nonuniform composition throughout
- 23. in a closed system in changing from one form to another, matter and energy cannot be created or destroyed; in this sense, conservation means that the physical quantity of matter and energy is entirely preserved during transformations and reactions
- 28. the transfer of heat through matter by way of the collision of molecules
- 30. the process by which a gas changes phase directly to a solid; for example, the formation of frost
- 31. net absorption of energy
- 32. a group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction.
- 34. amount of heat it takes to raise a gram of water 1°C at normal atmospheric pressure