Physics Chapter 12

3. energy transferred between two objects in contact with one another and always flows from the hotter object to the cooler object.
5. is a temperaure scale named after William J. Rankine, who proposed it in 1859.
6. measure of the disorder in a system.
7. it is one of the seven base units in the IS, named after William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, who proposed it in 1848.
10. is the "hotness" of the object.
11. the thermal transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves through the vacuum of space.
12. the process by which kinetic energy is transferred when particles collide.
13. once a solid is completely melted, there are no more forces holding the particles in the solid state.
15. states that natural processes go in a direction that maintains or increases the total entropy of the universe.
23. is a temperature scale on one proposed in 1724 by the physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit.
25. is the study of heat.
26. the thermal energy needed to vaporize 1kg of a substance.
27. is one of the four fundamental states of matter (the others being solid, gas, and plasma), and is the only state with a definite volume but no fixed shape.
28. a type of thermal energy transfer that occurs from the motion of fluid in a liquid or gas that is caused by differences in temperature.
29. also called centigrade, it is named after Anders Celsius. The unit was known until 1948.

1. a well insulated device used to measure changes in thermal energy.
2. the state in which the rate of energy flow between two objects is equal and the objects are the same temperature.
4. amount of the input heat that is turned into useful work.
6. is a type of vaporization of a liquid that occurs from the surface of a liquid into a gaseous phase that is not saturated with the evaporating substance.
8. the amount of energy to melt 1kg of a substance.
9. The 3 most common states of matter are solids,liquids,and gases.
14. is the overall energy of motion of all particles making up the object.
16. is the temperature where all molecular motion stops. All thermal energy is removed.
17. states that the change in thermal energy of an object is equal to the heat that is added to the object minus the work done by the object.
18. uses work to remove heat energy. Work removes heat from cold reservoir to a heat reservoir.
19. is a common example of a device that accomplishes this transfer with the use of mechanical work.
20. at this point, the substance has changed from a solid to a liquid.
21. the amount of energy that must be added to a material to raise the temperature of a unit mass by one temperature unit; is measured in J/kg*K.
22. is the amount of energy transferred by a force acting through a distance.
24. a device that is able to continously convert thermal energy to mechanical energy.