Across
- 2. Molten rock containing liquids, crystals, and dissolved gases that forms within the upper part of the Earth's mantle and crust. When erupted onto the Earth's surface, it is called lava.
- 3. A depression in the earths crust
- 5. A deep depression in the ocean floor caused by the convergence of plates and the resulting subduction of one plate
- 10. A tectonic process that results when plates converge and one plate forces the other down into Earth's mantle. As a result, the subducted plate eventually undergoes partial melting
- 11. The term used for magma once it has erupted onto the Earth's surface.
- 14. An area of rock that has been bent by stress.
- 15. An abrupt movement of soil and bedrock downhill in response to gravity. Landslides can be triggered by an earthquake or other natural causes. Undersea landslides can cause tsunamis.
- 16. A form of stress resulting from equal and opposite forces that do not act along the same line. If a thick, hard-bound book is lying flat and one pushes the front cover from the side so that the covers and pages are no longer perfectly aligned, this is an example of shear.
- 18. The uppermost division of the solid earth, representing less than 1% of its volume and varying in depth from 3-37 mi.(5-60 km). Below the crust is the mantle.
- 19. The center of Earth, an area constituting about 16% of the planet's volume and 32% of its mass. Made primarily of iron and another, lighter element (possibly sulfur), it is divided between a solid inner core with a radius of about 760 mi.(1,220 km) and a liquid outer core about1,750 mi. (2,820 km) thick.
- 21. Large movable segments of the lithosphere.
Down
- 1. An area of fracturing between rocks resulting from stress.
- 2. The thick, dense layer of rock, approximately 1,429 mi. (2,300 km) thick, between Earth's crust and its core.
- 4. Fragments less than 2 millimeters (about 1/8 inch) in diameter of lava or rock blasted into the air by volcanic explosions.
- 6. A form of stress produced by the action of equal and opposite forces, the effect of which is to reduce the length of a material. Compression is a form of pressure.
- 7. One or a series of huge sea waves caused by earthquakes or other large-scale disturbance of the ocean floor. (Referred to incorrectly by many as a tidal wave, but these waves have nothing to do with tides.) The word tsunami is Japanese, meaning "harbor wave."
- 8. The flowing mixture of water and debris (intermediate between a volcanic avalanche and a water flood) that forms on the slopes of a volcano.
- 9. The theory that the configuration of Earth's continents was once different than it is today; that some of the individual landmasses of today once were joined in other continental forms; and that these landmasses later separated and moved to their present locations.
- 12. A vent (opening) in the surface of the Earth through which magma erupts; it is also the landform that is constructed by the erupted material.
- 13. An earthquake which follows a larger earthquake or main shock and originates in or near the rupture zone of the larger earthquake. Generally, major earthquakes are followed by a larger number of aftershocks, decreasing in frequency with time.
- 17. In general terms, any attempt to deform a solid. Types of stress include-tension, compression, and shear. More specifically, stress is the ratio of force to unit area F/A, where F is force and A area. A tectonic process that results when plates converge and one plate forces the other down into Earth's mantle. As a result, the subducted plate eventually undergoes partial melting
- 20. split between two bodies (for example, two plates) that once were joined.