Across
- 1. Clause : Another name for the Necessary and Proper Clause.
- 4. Act : 1939 law restricting political activities of government employees.
- 5. Pay : Pay reform tying salaries to performance instead of tenure.
- 8. United : 2010 Supreme Court case allowing unlimited independent political spending by corporations and nonprofits.
- 9. Federalism : “Layer cake” system giving states more power, used in early U.S.
- 10. Clause : Establishes that federal law prevails over state law.
- 12. Act : 1883 law that established merit-based hiring and ended the spoils system.
- 13. : Federal money provided to states for policy purposes.
- 15. System : System where all power is centralized in national government.
Down
- 2. Clause : Constitutional basis for Congress to regulate trade.
- 3. : Administrative system where appointed officials carry out policies.
- 6. Mandates : Federal requirements imposed on states without funding.
- 7. Grants : Federal funds with few restrictions, giving states flexibility.
- 11. : System with power divided between central and regional governments (e.g., U.S., Canada, India).
- 14. Rebellion : Massachusetts uprising highlighting weakness of Articles of Confederation.