Press regulation starter

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Across
  1. 4. Another name for newspaper owners; ---al interference in editorial direction is meant to be blocked, but as Murdoch showed even when he signed a legal agreement to guarantee this when buying the Sunday Times (he simply sacked the editor and appointed his own man!) there is no control over this!
  2. 5. Murdoch’s --- is the owner of 2/8 national dailies, The Times and The Sun
  3. 9. The newspaper industry has suffered enormously from the --- of web 2.0 though some papers are beginning to make digitised models work.
  4. 10. Newspaper --- was scrapped in 1694, leaving no formal regulation until 1953 (FOUR years after the Royal Commission on the Press demanded a regulator be set up!)
  5. 11. The --- Inquiry was supposed to have a further stage, investigating the links between police, politicians and the press ... but the Tory PM Cameron blocked this
  6. 12. Murdoch’s launch of Times Radio is a good example of --- integration
  7. 14. Unlike the press, both film and TV/radio have powerful --- regulators
  8. 16. The qualities have a mainly ABC1, --- audience
  9. 17. The Times has a tie-in with --- News+, a subscription service for print run by ---
  10. 18. Former (Labour) Deputy Prime Minister John (now Lord) Prescott simply went on to his --- account to state that the Sunday Times had made up quotes from him in 2011, entirely ignoring the then-regulator the PCC. Just ONE HOUR LATER the made-up quote had disappeared from the online versions of the article AND apologised!
  11. 19. The Press --- Commission is IPSO’s predecessor; having attacked The Guardian for its stories about phone-hacking rather than investigating them (as the regulator?!), they recognised the PCC was no longer viable
  12. 23. Highlighting the voluntary nature of this self-regulation (in contrast to BBFC), the Guardian, Independent and FT all refused to join IPSO and have their own individual --- instead. This isn’t a new issue: Richard Desmond simply withdrew the Express and Star from the PCC to save money from the levy and to avoid further rulings against them
  13. 26. Hugh Grant is one of the public faces of ---, the pressure group campaigning for tougher press regulation closer to Lord Leveson’s recommendations.
  14. 28. Only 2 of 8 main paid-for national daily newspapers (ignoring the FT, business; Metro, freesheet; Independent, online only; the i) are --- (which seems to reflect Chomsky’s anti-communism filter!)
  15. 30. Murdoch was swift to take the radical decision to close down the News of the --- when a consumer advertiser boycott, organised through social media, threatened to start impacting his US media holdings (especially Fox) too
  16. 31. Another term for the free press is the --- estate, again denoting the media's (supposed?) separation and independence from government and big business
  17. 33. The Daily --- has become the biggest-selling UK national daily, overtaking long-term leader The S*n.
  18. 34. There have been 3 --- Commissions on the Press since the end of WW2, reflecting the belief that regulating a 'free press' is too sensitive an issue to be left to political parties
  19. 35. --- TV is an example of a TV station which lost its license to broadcast or be distributed in the UK after an OfCom ruling; it was ruled to be reflecting Iranian government views (similarly, more recently CGTV was banned for its ties to the Chinese government)
  20. 36. Murdoch is a business genius, but got it badly wrong on the Internet: dismissing it as a fad that would disappear! He famously lost around $1bn from buying the early social media (music) site --- and selling it for almost nothing a few years later
  21. 39. Between 1961 and 2018 the Daily Mirror’s circulation collapsed by a remarkable ----eight percent … but it wasn’t even the worst! That’s the Daily Express: 92%!
  22. 40. Chomsky's famous model is centred around five --- which remove radical, counter-hegemonic content from the mainstream media. This includes anti-communism (left-wing), flak, advertiser power, concentration of ownership and source strategies
  23. 41. The press regulators have all been self-funding: no government money is involved. Each paper pays a --- for its membership (the BBFC raises money by charging per minute of material assessed for age rating)
  24. 42. That OfCom is only a QUASI-autonomous non-governmental organisation (or ---) was made clear by PM Johnson's attempts to place ex-Daily Mail editor Paul Dacre in charge of it! (Albeit: he failed!)
  25. 43. The Independent Press --- Organisation replaced the PCC, but seems to have retained most of its flaws
  26. 45. It may seem almost laughable, but Clause One of the Editors Code (in effect the rule book of IPSO and the PCC before it) is ---!
  27. 48. Lord --- was commissioned to investigate the practices of the press, especially the tabloids, following public outrage at the death of Princess Diana (crashed while trying to escape from pursuing paparazzi). His 1991 Report led to the Press Council being scrapped and the PCC being launched – but he did actually recommend statutory regulation 18 months later after reviewing progress. Just as with Leveson 21 years later, a right-wing Tory government refused to follow the non-partisan, expert advice they had commissioned.
Down
  1. 1. There is actually a rival regulator, ---, which seeks to stick closer to Leveson’s recommendations, though so far only micro-publications (small readerships) have signed up
  2. 2. The Audit Bureau of --- used to provide official --- figures (physical copies sold) for all papers, but some newspaper groups (Murdoch’s; Barclays: Telegraph; Guardian) have withdrawn from the ABC, perhaps seeking to mask their falling circulation (which has seen the Mail become the UK’s biggest-selling paper)
  3. 3. --- is a good example of a modern online pressure group – seeking to pressurise newspapers like the Mail and Sun to change the way they cover race, gender and other identities (in a ‘hateful’ way) by contacting advertisers to threaten consumer boycotts if they continue to fund these publications (the same tactic that led to Murdoch closing the News of the World!)
  4. 6. That the Guardian, FT and Independent all boycott IPSO shows the weakness of the --- self-regulation model
  5. 7. The 3 Royal Commissions on the Press concluded that there were 2 major structural issues that needed increasingly urgent addressing: concentration of ownership and the lack of --- with the predominance of right-wing views
  6. 8. The online --- of much advertising (eg property, motors) has been devastating for the press industry, most of which takes a higher proportion of revenue from advertising than from cover price. The value of online ads is a fraction of print ads per reader. Google/Facebook have swallowed around 90% of the online ads market.
  7. 9. The case of Milly --- did what various Guardian, Independent, C4 and BBC reports had failed to do: made phone-hacking a story of huge public interest
  8. 13. The term --- originally denoted the smaller size of more populist, downmarket newspapers, but now some of the more serious papers have taken on this size format too
  9. 15. IPSO had pledged to give more consideration to --- --- complaints, something the PCC routinely rejected, but in practise have not improved much
  10. 18. ---, aka dumbing down, is the observed ongoing process of the press (and the wider media) getting more simplistic and more focused on soft news/human interest (sport, TV, celebrities etc over hard news: politics, international affairs etc). This is particularly traced to the 1970 launch of topless ‘page three’ pictures in The Sun, which soared in circulation, becoming the biggest-selling by 1978
  11. 20. The BBFC and OfCom may be statutory regulators, but the BBFC shares one feature with IPSO: its actually a ----regulator, set up and run by the film industry, not government!
  12. 21. At the very heart of democratic theory is the existence of a --- press: news media not owned by or tied to government ... or big business and therefore able to hold their activities up to scrutiny for the public good?!
  13. 22. The --- Code is the rule book of IPSO, and the PCC before it, with clauses on privacy, discrimination, accuracy, coverage of children etc
  14. 24. The Daily Mail/Express are viewed as lying in between the quality and red-tops: less complex than the qualities, more complex than the red-tops
  15. 25. ---3 is a good example of a successful modern pressure group, using social media to pressurise the red-tops to cease publishing topless pictures of young women on ‘page 3’. A Green MP, Caroline Lucas, got into trouble for wearing a ---3 tee-shirt during a 2013 debate in the House of Commons. The Sun ceased publishing topless pics in 2015, and the Daily Star in 2019; the campaign went inactive in 2020 having basically succeeded!
  16. 27. Car-maker --- was among the major advertisers to cave into the Twitter campaign to threaten boycotts of all brands continuing to support the News of the World through advertising, along with )2, Sainsbury’s, Halifax and more.
  17. 29. The fate of Jeremy Corbyn, going from almost winning a 2017 general election as Labour Party leader to suffering huge losses in 2019 MIGHT be argued to reflect Chomsky’s concept of the --- filter: constant attacks on radical/counter-hegemonic (or simply left-wing!) figures and views. The lifelong anti-racist campaigner was deemed racist (a complex issue over anti-Semitism issues within Labour) while the Tory leader, notorious for racist descriptions of Muslims, Africans etc, was not.
  18. 32. When a 2019 Daily Star front page trumpeted that Dwayne The Rock Johnson had slurred all gen Zs as ‘snowflakes’ he entirely ignored IPSO and instead posted a video on his --- channel stating that it was made up (see 2011 John Prescott example using a different social media). Arguably his personal --- channel is a much more powerful/influential (global!) medium than the low and fast-falling UK red-top?
  19. 34. The conglomerate --- owns 3/8 national paid-for dailies: Daily Star, Daily Mirror; Daily Express. They also dominate the local and regional markets
  20. 36. The left-wing Daily --- responded to its red-top rival The S*n bringing back topless page 3 models in 2015 (after a 2-year gap) by publishing pictures of tits (the birds)! The S*n would cease page 3 for good after this.
  21. 37. Chomsky and Herman's --- model argues that the media don't exist or function to protect the public and scrutinise the powerful; they ARE the powerful and seek to create a false sense of meaningful democratic choice
  22. 38. --- is the regulator of TV/radio and web/phone services in the UK
  23. 44. The Sun lags far behind the Mail (357m!!!) and Guardian (303m!!!) in global readers with ‘just’ 98m (though that just beats the Mirror!), which can be blamed on Murdoch’s disastrous initial decision to put its content behind a ---. The Times likewise has much smaller online readerships than its rivals, BUT it has, eventually, begun to make the subscription model profitable
  24. 46. That just 2 conglomerates own 5/8 paid-for national dailies (the Mail Group, DGMT, also own the i and The Metro) could be used as evidence to back Chomsky’s ‘filter’ of --- of ownership
  25. 47. The most downmarket, simplistic papers are known as ---s: The Sun, Daily Star, Daily Mirror