Across
- 6. Globulin fraction of serum that neutralizes a specific toxin. Also refers to the specific antitoxin antibody itself.
- 7. When red blood cells burst and release hemoglobin pigmen
- 9. Cellular components of the blood consisting of red blood cells, primarily responsible for the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide, and white blood cells, primarily responsible for host defense and immune reactions.
- 11. Any immunity that arises naturally in an organism via previous experience with the antigen.
- 14. Route of entry for an infectious agent; typically a cutaneous or membranous route.
- 18. The process by which the various types of blood cells are formed, such as in the bone marrow.
- 20. Any substance that induces a state of sensitivity or resistance after processing by the immune system of the body.
- 22. A class of white blood cells capable of engulfing other cells and particles.
- 23. deviation from health that results when cumulative effects of infection damage or disrupt tissues and organs
- 28. The process by which microbes gain a more stable foothold at the portal of entry; often involves a specific interaction between the molecules on the microbial surface and the receptors on the host cell.
- 30. Having an affinity for the nervous system. Most likely to affect the spinal cord.
- 32. Term for the spaces between cells and the fluid they contain.
- 34. A project of the National Institutes of Health to identify microbial inhabitants of the human body and their role in health and disease; uses metagenomic techniques instead of culturing
- 36. The carrier fluid element of blood.
- 37. The complete complement of microorganisms that live in or on humans
- 38. Involving multiple distinct microorganisms
- 39. Making one object distinguishable from another; also, the process of biological cells changing from one state to a more mature state.
- 40. Any biological agent that is capable of destroying red blood cells and causing the release of hemoglobin. Many bacterial pathogens produce exotoxins that act as hemolysins.
- 41. An uncommon, fatal complication of infection with JC virus
- 43. An antigen that is present in some but not all members of the same species.
- 44. The selective elimination of lymphocytes that would recognize self markers.
- 46. Reproductive body of Coccidioides immitis; also arthrospore.
- 47. In infection, the relative capacity of a pathogen to invade and harm host cells
Down
- 1. Regulatory chemical released by cells of the immune system that serves as signal between different cells.
- 2. microbes get past host defenses, enter tissues, and multiply
- 3. a pathologic state caused directly by microorganisms or their products
- 4. The aggregation by antibodies of suspended cells or similar-size particles (agglutinogens) into clumps that settle.
- 5. A liquid connective tissue consisting of blood cells suspended in plasma
- 8. The capacity of the immune system to recognize and act against an antigen upon second and subsequent encounters.
- 10. The precise molecular group of an antigen that defines its specificity and triggers the immune response.
- 12. Specific resistance that is acquired indirectly by donation of preformed immune substances (antibodies) produced in the body of another individual.
- 13. A system of vessels and organs that serve as sites for development of immune cells and immune reactions. It includes the spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT).
- 15. A conceptual explanation for the development of lymphocyte specificity and variety during immune maturation.
- 16. The tough tri-layer membrane covering the brain and spinal cord. Consists of the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.
- 17. In immunity, the concept that some parts of the immune system only react with antigens that originally activated them.
- 19. The neurotoxin of Clostridium tetani, the agent of tetanus. Its chief action is directed upon the inhibitory synapses of the anterior horn motor neurons.
- 21. Cells that make up the tissues of the brain and spinal cord that receive and transmit signals to and from the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system.
- 24. Clostridium botulinum toxin. Ingestion of this potent exotoxin leads to flaccid paralysis.
- 25. An enzyme found in sweat, tears, and saliva that breaks down bacterial peptidoglycan.
- 26. Molecules on the surfaces of many types of microbes that are not present on host cells that mark the microbes as foreign.
- 27. Any trait or factor of a cell, virus, or molecule that makes it distinct and recognizable; example: a genetic marker.
- 28. Immunity acquired through direct stimulation of the immune system by antigen.
- 29. A heat-labile substance formed by some pyogenic cocci that impairs and sometimes lyses leukocytes.
- 31. A toxin (usually protein) that is secreted and acts upon a specific cellular target. Examples: botulin, tetanospasmin, diphtheria toxin, and erythrogenic toxin
- 33. One form of leukocyte (white blood cell) having globular, nonlobed nuclei and lacking prominent cytoplasmic granules.
- 35. Common name for the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae.
- 37. An incomplete or partial antigen
- 42. Poisoning that results from the introduction of a toxin into body tissues through ingestion or injection.
- 43. Any cell, particle, or chemical that induces a specific immune response by B cells or T cells and can stimulate resistance to an infection or a toxin.
- 45. The only rhabdovirus that infects humans. Zoonotic disease characterized by fatal meningoencephalitis.