Across
- 2. Is the average distance between the scores and the mean in a distribution.
- 3. Occurs when a sample is selected in such a way that it is not representative of the entire population and therefore produces inaccurate results.
- 8. A quantitative and qualitative method with two important characteristics; variables are measured using self-reports and considerable attention is paid to the issue of sampling.
- 9. Are a way of breaking down the interaction to figure out precisely what is going on.
- 10. An effect that is unlikely due to random chance and therefore likely represents a real effect in the population.
- 15. A form of non-probability sampling in which individuals choose to take part in the research on their own accord, without being approached by the researcher directly.
- 17. A type of quantitative research that involves studying in detail the behavior of each of a small number of participants.
- 21. When a researcher makes careful observations of one or more specific behaviors in a particular setting that is more structured than the settings used in naturalistic or participant observation.
- 22. Concerns the proper statistical treatment of data and the soundness of the researchers’ statistical conclusions.
- 25. A statistical procedure which uses the value of one variable to predict another. Sometimes called "linear regression."
- 26. When a histogram's left and right halves are mirror images of each other.
- 28. A probability sampling method in which each individual in the population has an equal probability of being selected for the sample.
- 29. The standard deviation of the group divided by the square root of the sample size of the group.
- 31. The random variability in a statistic from sample to sample.
- 32. Controlling potential third variables to rule out other plausible interpretations.
- 33. Descriptive data that involves measuring one or more variables in a sample and computing descriptive summary data (e.g., means, correlation coefficients) for those variables.
- 34. The tendency for many medical and psychological problems to improve over time without any form of treatment.
Down
- 1. Correlations that are a result not of the two variables being measured, but rather because of a third, unmeasured, variable that affects both of the measured variables.
- 2. In research design, it means the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis given the sample size and expected relationship strength.
- 4. When participants respond in ways that they think are socially acceptable.
- 5. A common alternative to simple random sampling in which the population is divided into different subgroups or “strata” (usually based on demographic characteristics) and then a random sample is taken from each “stratum.”
- 6. Empiricism refers to learning based on observation, and scientists learn about the natural world systematically, by carefully planning, making, recording, and analyzing observations of it.
- 7. Measures in which participants report on their own thoughts, feelings, and actions.
- 11. The systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment.
- 12. Referred to as treatments that have substantial effects on important behaviors and that can be implemented reliably in the real-world contexts in which they occur.
- 13. When the researcher waits until the participant’s behavior in one condition becomes fairly consistent from observation to observation before changing conditions.
- 14. factormultileveldesign When an experiment has one independent variable that is manipulated to produce more than two conditions.
- 16. A form of non-probability sampling in which existing research participants help recruit additional participants for the study.
- 18. The scientific method is a process of systematically collecting and evaluating evidence to test ideas and answer questions.
- 19. A list of all the members of the population from which to select the respondents.
- 20. An experiment design involving a single independent variable with two conditions.
- 22. When a histogram's peak is either shifted toward the upper end of its range and has a relatively long negative tail (Negatively Skewed) or the peak is shifted toward the lower end of its range and has a relatively long positive tail (Positively Skewed).
- 23. A score that is derived by splitting the items into two sets and examining the relationship between the two sets of scores in order to assess the internal consistency of a measure.
- 24. Means there is an effect of one independent variable at one level of the other independent variable and there is either a weak effect or no effect of that independent variable at the other level of the other independent variable.
- 25. An established group of people who have agreed to be contacted about participating in research studies.
- 26. Pausing to consider alternatives and to search for evidence especially systematically collected empirical evidence—when there is enough at stake to justify doing so.
- 27. A graph that presents correlations between two quantitative variables, one on the x-axis and one on the y-axis. Scores are plotted at the intersection of the values on each axis.
- 30. A smaller portion of the population the researcher would like to study.