Across
- 3. Validity – The extent to which the design of a study supports the conclusion that differences in the independent variable caused any observed differences in the dependent variable.
- 5. Control Condition – A control condition in which participants receive a placebo.
- 7. Effect – A carryover effect in which participants perform worse on a task in later conditions because they have become tired or bored.
- 9. Regression – A statistical technique that describes the relationship between multiple independent variables and a single dependent variable in terms of an equation that shows the separate contribution of each independent variable to the dependent variable.
- 11. Validity – The extent to which a measure appears “on its face” to measure the variable or construct it is supposed to.
- 13. Research – Research in which two or more variables are measured and the statistical relationships among them are assessed. There is no manipulated independent variable and usually very little attempt to control extraneous variables.
- 16. Observation – An approach to data collection in which the behavior of interest is observed in the environment in which it typically occurs.
- 17. – A variable or construct expected to be correlated with scores on a measure that is being evaluated. The plural is criteria.
- 20. Research – Research that typically involves formulating broad research questions, collecting large amounts of data from a small number of participants, and summarizing the data using nonstatistical techniques.
- 22. – Systematically varying the order of conditions across participants.
- 23. Experiment – An experiment that is conducted outside the laboratory.
Down
- 1. Matrix – A table that shows the correlations among several variables.
- 2. Narrative – In grounded theory, a narrative interpretation of the broad themes that emerge from the data, usually supported by many direct quotations or examples from the data.
- 4. – A type of empirical study in which an independent variable is manipulated and a dependent variable is measured while extraneous variables are controlled.
- 5. Effect – The positive effect of a placebo.
- 6. Level – The level of measurement that involves rank ordering individuals. Scores at the ordinal level indicate whether one individual has more or less of the characteristic of interest, but they do not indicate how much more or less.
- 8. Level – The level of measurement that involves assigning numerical scores so that a given difference between two scores always represents the same difference in the characteristic, and a score of zero represents none of the characteristic. Ratios of one score to another are meaningful only at this level.
- 10. – The extent to which scores on a measure represent the variable or construct they are intended to. Validity is a judgment based on the available evidence.
- 12. Theory – An approach to analyzing qualitative data in which repeating ideas are identified and grouped into broader themes. The themes are integrated in a theoretical narrative.
- 14. – A treatment that lacks any active ingredient or element that should make it effective.
- 15. Control – In complex correlational research, accounting for third variables by measuring them and including them in the analysis.
- 17. Effect – When being tested in one condition affects participants’ behavior in later conditions.
- 18. Validity – The extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to people and situations beyond those actually studied.
- 19. Level – The level of measurement that involves assigning names or category labels to individuals. Scores at the nominal level indicate whether or not one individual is in the same category as another. They do not communicate any quantitative information.
- 21. – An independent variable in a factorial design. Also in factor analysis, one of the underlying constructs that is assumed to account for correlations among multiple variables.