Across
- 5. matter cannot be created or destroyed
- 6. the number placed in front of a chemical formula in a balanced equation, indicating the quantity (molecules or moles) of that substance involved in the reaction
- 7. when a single, complex compound breaks down (decomposes) into two or more simpler substances or elements, often requiring energy input like heat, light, or electricity
- 9. the backward process where chemical products convert back into the original reactants, occurring simultaneously with the forward reaction (reactants to products) in a reversible reaction, eventually reaching a state of dynamic equilibrium where both happen at the same rate, shown by a double arrow (⇌) in equations
- 10. the final species resulting from the transformation of reactants.
- 12. a substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction
- 14. an exothermic chemical process where a substance (fuel) reacts rapidly with oxygen (\(O_{2}\)), releasing energy as heat and light, typically forming water and oxides
- 16. a type of chemical reaction where one element replaces another similar element in a compound, resulting in a new element and a new compound
- 18. the gain of electrons by a molecule, atom, or ion during a chemical reaction, which decreases its oxidation number
- 19. for a chemical reaction to occur, reactant particles (atoms, ions, or molecules) must collide with both sufficient energy (equal to or greater than the activation energy) and the correct geometric orientation
- 20. an exothermic chemical process where a substance (fuel) reacts rapidly with oxygen (\(O_{2}\)), releasing energy as heat and light, typically forming water and oxides
- 21. the speed at which reactants are converted into products
- 22. the minimum energy barrier that reactant molecules must overcome for a chemical reaction to occur, allowing them to transform into products
- 23. if a system at dynamic equilibrium is disturbed by a change in conditions (temperature, pressure, or concentration), the system will shift its equilibrium position in a way that counteracts the change and re-establishes a new equilibrium
Down
- 1. the loss of electrons by a molecule, atom, or ion, often accompanied by an increase in oxidation state, and can also be described as gaining oxygen or losing hydrogen
- 2. a number assigned to an atom in a molecule or ion that shows how many electrons it has lost (positive number), gained (negative number), or shares, representing the degree of electron loss or gain in a chemical compound
- 3. a process in which one or more substances (reactants) rearrange their atomic structures to form one or more new substances (products) with different properties
- 4. a chemical process where the cations and anions of two different ionic compounds in aqueous solution switch places, forming two new compounds
- 8. the branch of chemistry concerned with measuring the rates (speeds) of chemical reactions and determining the factors that influence them, such as temperature, pressure, concentration, and catalysts
- 11. a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction by reducing the activation energy required, without being consumed or permanently changed in the process
- 13. the symbolic representation of a chemical reaction, using formulas, symbols, and coefficients to show the conversion of reactants into products
- 14. mass is neither created nor destroyed
- 15. the state in a reversible chemical reaction where the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate, resulting in constant concentrations of reactants and products over time
- 17. the measure of the amount of a dissolved substance (solute) divided by the total amount of the mixture (solvent or total solution)
- 22. dissolved in water.
