Across
- 1. Plans, rules, or courses of action created by a government to guide its decisions and laws.
- 3. Rights: The political idea that state governments hold powers separate from the federal government, a major debate leading up to and after the Civil War.
- 8. Test: A reading and writing test given to voters before they could register, intentionally made unfair to stop Black citizens from voting.
- 13. The murder of a politically important or prominent person, like President Abraham Lincoln.
- 15. The period from 1865 to 1877 focused on rebuilding the South and bringing Southern states back into the United States after the Civil War.
- 16. Amendment: The constitutional amendment that granted citizenship to anyone born in the United States and promised them "equal protection under the law."
- 17. Bureau: A government agency created at the end of the Civil War to provide food, housing, medical aid, and schools for newly freed African Americans and poor whites.
- 18. To officially end a system, practice, or institution, such as the ending of slavery.
Down
- 2. A negative term used by white Southerners for Northerners who moved south after the Civil War to start businesses or run for political office.
- 4. Crow Laws: Laws passed after Reconstruction that legally enforced segregation (separation of races) in public places like schools, restaurants, and trains.
- 5. The forced legal separation of people into different public areas or facilities based on their race.
- 6. A negative term used for white Southerners who supported Reconstruction and worked with the federal government and Republicans.
- 7. Clause: A rule stating that a person could vote only if their grandfather had been allowed to vote before the Civil War, which helped poor white citizens bypass strict voting laws while blocking Black citizens.
- 9. A farming system where a landowner lets a tenant farmer use their land in exchange for a share of the crops, which often trapped freedmen in a cycle of debt.
- 10. Codes: Laws passed by Southern states immediately after the Civil War to limit the freedom of African Americans and force them to work for low wages.
- 11. Tax: A special fee a person had to pay before they could vote, used to prevent low-income citizens and African Americans from voting.
- 12. Amendment: The constitutional amendment that protected the right to vote regardless of race or color.
- 14. Klux Klan: A secret white supremacist group formed during Reconstruction that used terror and violence to prevent African Americans from exercising their new rights.
- 16. Amendment: The constitutional amendment that officially banned slavery in the United States.