Across
- 7. Protestant thinker whose posting of his ninety-five theses against the Catholic Church led to the Protestant Reformation
- 8. Swedish king during the Thirty Years war whose battlefield tactics, including the use of mobile cannons, heled turn the tide from the Catholics to the Protestants
- 10. painter whose distinctive, somewhat distorted figures exemplified the Mannerist art movement of the late Renaissance
- 11. movement in which land, especially in England, was fenced-off and removed from public use
- 12. King of Spain and husband of Mary I of England who fought ferociously against Protestants through the wars of religion
- 15. a treaty between Charles V and the Protestant Schmalkaldic League which established the principle of “whoever rules, his religion,” an early step toward religious toleration in the Wars of Religion
- 17. type of bookkeeping developed in the Renaissance that had entries for debits and credits
- 18. type of laws passed by Protestant governments in the Reformation which included strict guidelines of public behavior and acts of public humiliation
- 21. Italian sculptor and architect whose statues included The Ecstasy of St. Teresa and whose style exemplified Baroque characteristics
- 22. A wave of persecutions against this supposed practice swept across Europe during the aftermath of the Protestant Reformation
- 25. The separation of these two entities advocated by Calvinists resulted in much of their persecution and exclusion from political life in Europe during the early Reformation
Down
- 1. the gradual increase of prices, examples of this for food became a major concern for European workers as the population began to increase during the Renaissance
- 2. the corrupt practice of selling this type of penance was one of the major sources of conflict between Martin Luther and the Catholic Church
- 3. Queen of France during the French Wars of Religion who may have been responsible for the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre of Protestants across France
- 4. Art style which developed in conjunction with the Catholic Reformation which was characterized by its emotional, dynamic, and ornate style
- 5. Protestant thinker whose ideas included an emphasis on predestination and the unearned nature of God’s grace and who eventually lived in Geneva, Switzerland
- 6. Law passed under Henry VIII which made the monarch the sole head of the Church of England. Refusing to acknowledge this resulted in the death of Thomas More
- 9. Treaty which ended the Thirty Years War and which formally recognized the new Dutch Republic
- 13. the name given to Protestants in France during the wars of religion. Many fled France during the reign of Louis XIV
- 14. conflict early in the European wars of Religion in which German nobles slaughtered Protestant workers, in which Martin Luther sided with the nobility
- 16. Council of the Catholic Church which was the source of most of the changes in the Catholic Reformation, including the end of the sale of indulgences and which upheld Catholic doctrine
- 19. Rule passed by Henry IV of France which allowed French Protestants to practice their religion without continued bloodshed which was eventually rescinded by Louis XIV
- 20. literally “to throw out of a window,” this event in Prague sparked the conflict of the Thirty Years War
- 23. King of England whose desire for a male heir in part led to the English Reformation and the creation of the Church of England
- 24. religious order founded by St Ignatius of Loyola which became an important tool for Reformation-era popes
- 26. name of the ruling dynastyof the Holy Roman Empire and Spain throughout the Wars of Religion