Across
- 2. Total set of elements that share a common characteristic and are the object of interest in research; used as a synonym for target population
- 6. Systematic procedure used to select the elements that will form part of the sample, ensuring they adequately represent the population
- 10. Simplified and structured representation of a complex reality or phenomenon, used to analyze, explain, or predict its behavior; built from existing theories and data
- 11. Epistemological stance that holds that true knowledge is obtained mainly through reason, logical thinking, and deduction, rather than direct experience
- 16. Set of theoretical, legal, or empirical bases that justify and logically support the research, the stated problem, and the chosen methodological decisions
- 17. Type of sampling in which all elements of the population have a known and non-zero probability of being chosen; allows reliable statistical inferences
- 18. Set of interrelated concepts, definitions, and propositions that systematically explain a phenomenon or fact; built from evidence and allows prediction of behaviors
- 19. Research approach that studies phenomena in their natural context, focusing on meanings, experiences, and perceptions of people; uses non-numerical data such as narratives, interviews, or observations
- 20. Set of beliefs, principles, values, and norms that guide the way of seeing, interpreting, and approaching reality in a research process; determines which questions are valid, which methods should be used, and how results are interpreted
- 21. Set of organized, verifiable knowledge obtained systematically through the scientific method; seeks to explain phenomena, establish relationships between facts, and generate new understandings of reality
- 22. Set of procedures, techniques, and general strategies applied in an orderly way to achieve research objectives; explains how the study will be carried out, from data collection to analysis
- 23. Reasoned assumption expressing a possible relationship between two or more variables, formulated to tentatively answer the research problem and verified or rejected through data
Down
- 1. Representative subset selected from the total population, studied to obtain information and then generalize findings to the rest of the group
- 3. Branch of philosophy that studies the nature, origin, validity, and limits of knowledge; answers the question “how do we know what we want to investigate?” and defines the relationship between the researcher and the object of study
- 4. Research approach based on collecting and analyzing numerical data and using statistics to test hypotheses, establish relationships between variables, and generalize results to a population
- 5. Approach that combines research with social transformation; seeks to understand inequalities and power structures, involving participants to generate changes and improve their reality
- 7. Specific procedure or way of carrying out an activity within research, e.g., observation, survey, interview; differs from the method, which is the general route of the study
- 8. Position that holds that knowledge is not an exact copy of reality, but is constructed by each person from their experiences, beliefs, and contexts; research seeks to understand these individual and social constructions
- 9. Research paradigm that studies phenomena in their real environment without manipulating variables; seeks to understand the meaning people give to their experiences, basis of the qualitative approach
- 12. Branch of philosophy that studies the nature, structure, and characteristics of the reality being investigated; answers the question “what is it that we are going to know?” and defines what we consider to exist and how it is
- 13. General orientation that defines how to state the problem, choose methods, and analyze data in research; the main ones are quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches
- 14. Finite or infinite set of elements (people, objects, phenomena) that share common characteristics and to which research results refer; also called the study universe
- 15. Paradigm that considers only knowledge obtained through experience and empirical verification as valid; seeks universal laws, uses quantitative methods, and keeps the researcher separate from the object of study