Across
- 3. the rings supporting the trachea are made of _______ cartilage.
- 6. the name for the tertiary bronchi in birds that form loops between the secondary bronchi, and give rise to loops of air capillaries.
- 8. about 4-5 _____________ parabronchi(tertiary bronchi) arise from each secondary bronchi in birds.
- 9. in birds, on ________________, fresh air moves into caudal air sacs and lungs, and stale air moves into cranial air sacs.
- 10. the cranial thoracic, caudal thoracic and ___________ air sacs in birds are PAIRED.
- 11. the __________ group of air sacs in birds include – cervical (x1), clavicular (x1), cranial thoracic (x2) and cervicocephalic (only in some birds – strong fliers).
- 13. gas exchange in birds occurs in the air _________ that form loops from the walls of parabronchi (which are themselves loops from secondary bronchi).
- 14. in birds, the unidirectional flow system does not have ______, but relies on anatomical orientation of secondary bronchial openings of cranial group of air sacs (bypassed by fresh air on inspiration).
- 16. the first branch of bronchi off the trachea is called the _______ or principal bronchus.
- 21. the air flow in birds respiratory system is ___-directional and thus very efficient. Fresh air flows through the lungs during both inspiration and expiration.
- 22. the trachea in birds is supported by complete cartilaginous rings that _______.
- 23. a _____________________ segment is comprised of a segmental (tertiary) bronchus and the lung tissue that it ventilates.
- 25. in birds, the unidirectional flow is very efficient and meets requirements of gas exchange required during ______.
- 26. some ____ _________ occurs across the walls of the respiratory bronchioles, as they have some alveoli along their walls, leading into the alveolar duct
- 27. embryonic devt of lower airways: the ____________ that surrounds the newly formed resp diverticulum (formed from endoderm) forms cartilage rings and connective tissue of the trachea.
- 29. in birds, on ____________, air sacs are compressed and fresh air is pushed from caudal air sacs into lungs, and stale air from cranial air sacs is expelled. (unidirectional flow)
- 32. the third branching of the bronchi is the segmental or __________ bronchus.
- 33. the cranial group of air sacs __________ stale air from the lungs and expel it through the trachea.
- 34. the caudal group of air sacs in birds supply ______ air to the lungs
- 35. congenital defects of the resp system include trachea-oesophageal ________ when the caudal larynogotracheal groove fails to separate from the foregut. This can lead to aspiration of food.
- 37. the branching of the lower airways: trachea > primary/principal bronchus > secondary/lobar bronchus > tertiary/segmental bronchus > ______ bronchus > bronchiole > terminal bronchiole > respiratory bronchiole > alveolar duct > alveolar sac
- 38. the ______ present only in birds is located at the bifurcation of the trachea, and is used for vocalisation. Made up of pessulus, a strong cartilage wedge in the bifurcation, and tympanic membranes in the lateral and medial walls of each of the primary bronchi. – sound produced by vibration.
- 39. the _______ group of air sacs in birds include – caudal thoracic (x2) and abdominal (x2).
- 41. the second branching of the bronchi is the ______ or secondary bronchus.
- 42. the trachealis muscle is ______ the rings of cartilage in the horse, cow and sheep. And outside in cats and dogs.
- 44. the trachea in birds is palpable on the ______ side of the neck. And bifurcates dorsal to the base of the heart.
Down
- 1. due to the bi directional movement of air thorough the airways of mammals, some _______ air remains in the lungs after exhalation to mix with fresh air on inhalation.
- 2. part of the syrinx of birds are the _________ _____________ in the lateral and medial walls of the primary bronchi (at the bifurcation of the trachea).
- 4. the structure of the airways in mammals results in __-directional movement of air through all of the airways.
- 5. at the level of the 4th-5th thoracic vertebrae, the trachea __________ into left and right principal bronchi.
- 7. the cervical and ____________ air sacs in birds are UNPAIRED (single)
- 12. congenital defects of the resp system include tracheal hypoplasia – an abnormal ____________ of the trachea due to a defect in the growth of tracheal cartilages.
- 15. embryonic devt of lower airways: resp diverticulum continues to grow caudally and forms two _____ buds.
- 17. this (smooth) muscle supports the roof of the trachea (OUTSIDE the incomplete dorsal aspect of the cartilage rings in carnivores, and INSIDE in herbivores)
- 18. the cartilage rings supporting the trachea in mammals are incomplete on the _______ surface.
- 19. embryonic devt of lower airways – the foregut gives rise to a groove in the floor of the future oesophagus – the laryngotracheal groove – lips fold in and fuse – resp divertidulum develops – opening still remains, maintaining a cranial connection to the foregut at the level of the ______.
- 20. instead of having cartilage rings like the trachea, bronchi have cartilaginous _______.
- 24. the air sacs in birds, as well as having respiratory function, lighten then body, may extend into __________ /hollow bones.
- 28. the trachea is supported by hyaline cartilage _______ (complete in birds, incomplete in mammals)
- 30. in birds, two ____________ bronchi run ventrally along the lungs, secondary bronchi arise from these ___________ bronchi, and enter the lungs (give rise to parabronchi > air capillaries)
- 31. the wedge shaped cartilage between the bifurcation of the primary bronchi/trachea in the bird – part of the syrinx.
- 34. the _____ branching of the bronchi is the small bronchus (right before the bronchioles).
- 36. the trachealis muscle is _______ involuntary muscle.
- 40. a pulmonary _______ is a respiratory bronchiole and the lung tissue that it ventilates (basically the unit where gas exchange occurs) – alveoli within walls of resp bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveolar sac.
- 43. the air sacs in birds __ ____ participate in gas exchange. They expand and contract the act like bellows, push air through lungs.
- 45. development of the lower airways – develop of an outgrowth from the embryonic fore____. – the laryngotracheal groove forms in the endoderm on the floor of the future oesophagus – respiratory diverticulum develops (see diagram pg 3)