Across
- 2. The space between the parietal and visceral pleura that surrounds each lung, filled with pleural fluid to reduce friction during breathing.
- 8. The diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood and the diffusion of carbon dioxide from the blood into the alveoli.
- 10. The process of gas exchange between the external environment and the blood.
- 11. The pressure within the alveoli of the lungs, which changes during inhalation and exhalation and equalizes with atmospheric pressure.
- 15. The process of inhaling air into the lungs by expanding the thoracic cavity, decreasing pressure, and allowing air to flow in.
- 16. The presence of air in the pleural cavity, leading to lung collapse due to loss of pressure balance.
- 20. CO2 is primarily transported in the form _______, with a small amount bound to hemoglobin or dissolved in plasma.
- 22. A condition where the breathing rate or depth decreases, causing retention of CO2, which lowers blood pH (respiratory acidosis).
- 23. A condition where breathing rate and depth increase, leading to excessive expulsion of CO2, which raises blood pH (respiratory alkalosis).
- 24. Chemoreceptors in the body monitor levels of CO2, O2, and pH, and adjust respiration accordingly to maintain homeostasis.
- 25. Increased depth and rate of breathing, usually in response to high oxygen demands, such as during exercise.
Down
- 1. The process of moving air into and out of the lungs, consisting of inspiration (inhaling) and expiration (exhaling).
- 3. The number of breaths taken per minute; a key measure of lung function and oxygen demand.
- 4. A graphical representation showing the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen and the saturation of hemoglobin.
- 5. The ability of the lungs to stretch and expand; high compliance means the lungs are more elastic, while low compliance indicates stiffness.
- 6. The exchange of gases between the blood and cells within the body.
- 7. The pressure within the pleural cavity, which is normally lower than atmospheric pressure, preventing lung collapse.
- 9. Based on Boyle’s Law, it describes how changes in the volume of the thoracic cavity affect the pressure and flow of air during breathing.
- 12. The process of exhaling air from the lungs as the thoracic cavity contracts, increasing pressure, and pushing air out.
- 13. The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs during a normal respiratory cycle, typically about 500 ml.
- 14. The partial or complete collapse of a lung or a section (lobe) of a lung, often due to pneumothorax or obstruction.
- 17. The complete absence of oxygen in tissues, leading to severe cellular damage or death.
- 18. A principle that states the pressure of a gas is inversely related to its volume.
- 19. A measure of the lung’s ability to expand and stretch during ventilation, with high compliance indicating elastic lungs and low compliance indicating stiff lungs.
- 21. The accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity, which can also cause lung collapse and interfere with respiration.
- 22. A condition characterized by insufficient oxygen supply to tissues, leading to impaired cellular function.